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https://historianet.nl/beschavingen/egyptenaren/egyptische-vrouwen-hadden-schokkend-veel-vrijheden

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https://www.iflscience.com/why-do-primates-masturbate-so-much-study-traces-origins-of-spanking-the-monkey-69278

https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a60372740/mars-asteroid-debris/

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“Human-shaped HIPPIES” EXERCISED AGGRESSION THREE MORE OFTEN AS COMMON CHIMPANZEES

French and American zoologists analyzed thousands of hours of observation of the aggressive behavior of adult male chimpanzees and bonobos in the wild. Quantitative comparison results, asThe authors note that they were surprised.

A person, studying the aggression of his species, is forced to observe his closest relatives - the apes chimpanzees and bonobos. Anthropologists and primatologists often look at the behavior of these primates from the perspective of the evolution of war and conflict. The scientific community now knows that there are many differences in the behavior of these primates.

It is known that males of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are capable of killing their relatives in conflicts, but such cruelty has not been recorded among bonobos (Pan paniscus). Because of their peacefulness - including towards strangers - bonobos are called "hippie monkeys", and popular books by primatologist Frans de Waal have given them the "make love, not war" message.

Also, these species have different hierarchies: males of common chimpanzees often force females to have sexual intercourse, while in bonobos females dominate, and male aggression towards them is less common. However, the quantitative difference in aggressive behavior between the two species has not previously been studied.

A team of researchers from the United States and France decided to compare the level of male aggression in the bonobo communities in Kokolopori Nature Reserve in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and chimpanzees in Gombe National Park in Tanzania. Based on 14 years of observations of primates under the age of 12, the authors calculated the number of their aggressive actions - both contact (hitting, biting, etc.) and non-contact (for example, chasing). The results of the scientific work were published in the journal Current Biology.

During 2047 hours of observation of 12 male bonobos, zoologists recorded 521 manifestations of aggression, 77 (14.8%) of which were contact. And 14 male chimpanzees performed 654 aggressive actions over 7309 hours, of which 99 (15.1%) were contact actions.

The authors concluded that male bonobos exhibited aggressive behavior three times more often than chimpanzees. Moreover, most often, conflicts occurred only between males, while in chimpanzees, on the contrary, it was the females who suffered more often. Also, male common chimpanzees more often showed coalition aggression, uniting against common competitors.

The model of conflicts among bonobos was structured differently: these were skirmishes, where everyone was for himself, and often it was the females who showed aggression towards the males, this is how their communities are structured. Nevertheless, males who occupied a dominant position among competitors achieved greater reproductive success than others - in this they are similar to chimpanzees.

One possible reason why male bonobos showed aggression significantly more frequently than chimpanzees may be due to the different nature of aggression between the two closely related species. Common chimpanzees have something of the human practice of war and power struggle. For example, squads of their males can leave the camp for a long time to monitor and attack the males of another group of chimpanzees, followed by theft of their females. During an “internal political” struggle, the former leader of a chimpanzee group may be killed by competitors. It has been documented that winning males castrate losing males and then kill and eat them.

Bonobos do not kill their relatives (at least they are not recorded). Thus, in them, the aggression of one male towards another is rather of a demonstration nature. There is no risk of them being castrated, killed or eaten if they become aggressive, which may lower the threshold for violence in their environment compared to ordinary chimpanzees.