Topic: Oorlog Rusland 21 juni 2015 - groeiende Verzameling Ukraine historische links

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Luba Hrycak HorskyWE ARE Ukrainian!
4 september 2021
  ?
Anna Yaroslavna (Anne of Kyiv),
 a Ukrainian princess who married King Henri I and became Queen of France
On 19 May 1051, Anna, the youngest daughter of Kyivan Rus Prince Yaroslav the Wise, ascended to the French throne as the wife of King Henry I Capet in the Cathedral of Reims. As traditional Days of Anna of Kyiv take place in Sanslis, an abbey 40 km from Paris, we revisit the story of the earliest dynastic connection between France and Ukraine.
Her father Yaroslav, was nicknamed ?the father-in-law of Europe.? Yaroslav himself married Ingigerd Olofsdotter, the daughter of the Swedish King; his sister Maria married the Polish Prince; son Illya was married to the sister of the Danish King; son Sviatoslav married the Austrian Princess; son Vsevolod married the daughter of the Byzantine emperor; son Ihor ? a German Princess; Yaroslav married his daughter Anastasia ? to the Hungarian King; daughter Elizabeth ? to the Norwegian King. And his daughter Anna married Henry I of France.
Anna was born about 1024 and grew up in Kyiv. She received a good education at the princely court where she studied reading and writing, history, foreign languages, mathematics, and drawing. It is known that Anna of Kyiv could read fluently in several languages, including Old Church Slavonic, Greek, and Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets. At that time, not every man in Europe was literate, let alone women.
In 1048, the French Embassy arrived in Kyiv, searching for a wife for the widowed King Henry I. The French King was searching the courts of Europe for a suitable bride, but could not locate a princess who was not related to him within legal degrees of kinship ? the Pope prohibited marriage between monarchs up to the seventh degree of kinship.  Anna was chosen to be his wife, and in spring 1051 she arrived in France.
Anne married Henry on 19 May 1051, during the feast of Pentecost.  Henry was nearly twenty years older than Anne.  Her wedding on 19 May 1051 followed the installation of Lietbert as bishop of Cambrai, and Anne was crowned immediately following the marriage ceremony, making her the first French queen to celebrate her coronation in Reims Cathedral.
Anna gave birth to four children, namely Philip, Emma, Robert, and Hugo. The name ?Philippe? was very rare in France prior to that time, and was likely inspired by Saint Philip who is said to have converted Scythia, an area identified with Kyivan Rus in the Middle Ages. Despite many historical claims that she is the first female regent of France, this appears to be more legend than fact. She was offered to take up regency after the death of her husband Henry, but declined and settled in the town of Senlis near Paris, where she founded and built a convent and a church. In the summer of 1065, she married one of the most powerful Northern France lords, Raoul de Crepy. He accused his first wife of treason and divorced to marry Anna. However, an investigation conducted by Pope Alexander II did not recognize his legitimate marriage to Anna and Raoul de Crepy was anathematized.
In 1074, Anna was widowed a second time and settled at the court of her son Philip, and was accepted with honor as the Queen mother. Her signature on one of the documents is the oldest public example of old Ukrainian writing. Being literate at the time when this was uncommon not only for women but for all royalty, she signed documents with the Cyrillic letters ?Ана Ръина,? that is ?Anna Regina,? meaning ?Anna the Queen,? while other officials only marked a cross in front of their names written by their clerks.
Anna could ride a horse, was knowledgeable in politics, and actively participated in governing France, especially after her husband died.
Henry the First respected his wife Anna so much that his many decrees bear the inscription ?With the consent of my wife Anna? and ?In the presence of Queen Anna.? French historians point out that there are no other cases in the French history when Royal decrees bear such inscriptions.
The date and place of Anna?s death are unknown, and the last mention of her dates back to 1075. It is assumed that this is the year she died and was likely buried in the Villiers Abbey cemetery (la Ferte-Alais town, Essonne department), which was destroyed during the French Revolution.
Anna of Kyiv is commemorated each year on September 5 in the church she founded in the town of Senlis. All the subsequent French kings were descendants of Anna.
In 2013, thanks to the support of Ukrainian entrepreneurs, the Ukrainian community in France purchased a historic building in Senlis, which began functioning as the Centre Culturel Anne de Kyiv and is dedicated to creating a dialogue between Ukraine and Western Europe and implementing cultural, art, scientific and educational projects. Every year, hundreds of visitors from different countries gather to celebrate Les Journ?es Anne de Kyiv.
(From Euromaidan Press)

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ANCIENT GREEK CITIES IN SCYTHIA
Scythia ( Greek: Σκυθική) was a region of Central Eurasia in classical antiquity, occupied by the Eastern Iranian Scythians, incorporating Central Asia and parts of Eastern Europe east of the Vistula River, with the eastern edges of the region vaguely defined by the Greeks. The Ancient Greeks gave the name Scythia (or Great Scythia) to all the lands north-east of Europe and the northern coast of the Black Sea.
The Scythians inhabited Scythia from at least the 11th century BCE to the 2nd century CE.In the 7th century BCE, they controlled large swaths of territory throughout Eurasia, from the Black Sea across Siberia to the borders of China.
The founding of the Greek settlements on the Black Sea Coast dates back to the 7th and the 6th century BCE. It was a part of the  Great Greek colonization. Most of the cities in the north and west areas of Pontos were established by colonists from Miletus. Cities in this territory became essential economic and political units, playing a significant role in the area of continental Greece.
The Greek population came more often into contact with neighbouring tribes new trade centers were founded in the area. Scythians and Thracians became the main trading partners of Greeks and their neighbours in the eastern Mediterranean. The Bosporan kingdom, with the city of Pantikapaion as its center, was a substantial trade area.The commerce was focused on ceramics, food,and also slaves. Written evidence from that era include epigraphic records (records of ownership) from various Greek colonial cities, as well as accounts from ancient authors.
https://greekasia.blogspot.com/2019/05/ancient-greek-cities-in-scythia.html
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-c-b5rXmjyBY/T7l_HLMBJpI/AAAAAAAAAy8/2c-YqKjfJCg/s1600/Tauris.PNG

https://www.ancientpages.com/2021/02/12/mysterious-cucuteni-trypillian-culture-burned-their-settlements-for-unknown-reasons/

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 ?
? Sumerian History ?
? Sumerians looked to the Heavens as they invented the System of Time? And we still use it today! One might find it curious that we divide the hours into 60 minutes and the days into 24 hours - why not a multiple of 10 or 12? Put quite simply, the answer is because the inventors of time did not operate on a decimal (base-10) or duodecimal (base-12) system but a sexagesimal (base-60) system. For the ancient Sumerian innovators who first divided the movements of the heavens into countable intervals, 60 was the perfect number. The number 60 can be divided by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, and 30 equal parts. Moreover, ancient astronomers believed there were 360 days in a year, a number which 60 fits neatly into six times. The Sumerian Empire did not last. However, for more than 5,000 years the world has remained committed to their delineation of time.

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https://www.academia.edu/106477979/Deficiency_diseases_in_the_Kyiv_Rus_subadult_population_The_issue_of_the_small_sample_effects?email_work_card=title

https://www.academia.edu/96644124/The_historiography_of_Normanist_and_anti_Normanist_theories_on_the_origins_of_Rus_a_review_of_modern_historiography_and_major_sources_on_Varangian_controversy_and_other_Scandinavian_concepts_of_the_origins_of_Rus
The historiography of Normanist and anti-Normanist theories on the origins of Rus' : a review of modern historiography and major sources on Varangian controversy and other Scandinavian concepts of the origins of Rus (Ukraine, not ruzzia)

https://www.academia.edu/72457766/Vikings_Rus_Varangians_The_Varangian_Problem_in_View_of_Ethnicity_in_Archaeology


https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-europe/buried-one-thousand-years-eerie-graveyard-vikings-006227

https://twitter.com/DevanaUkraine/status/1701153697479143700
@DevanaUkraine
Before your eyes is the real face of a Muscovite who stole our history, identity, and freedom for 300 long years. It was he who attempted to destroy the entire nation, in September 1721, accepting the title - the First All-Russian Emperor.

GRAND FALSE

Ivan III, a Muscovite, first tried to appoint himself the heir of Kievan Rus in 1460-70, sending letters to Rome, signing them as the prince of White Russia.

200 years have passed, pulsing with a thirst to emphasize its kinship with the European family of nations, already "Petrovian" Muscovy is trying to rebrand its name to the Greek transcription of Rus - Ρωσία (Russia).

Karl Marx in "Exposure of Diplomatic History of the 18th Century." wrote: Moscow history is sewn to the history of Rus with white threads!

Peter I, who hated all his Tatar-Muscovite entourage, was determined to turn the defeated Horde principality with imperial ambitions into a European state with a great history.

How it was:

Tsar Peter I Romanov consistently pursued a policy of limiting the autonomy of Left Bank and Slobid Ukraine, reducing Cossack freedoms and the Statute of Freedoms. After the death of Ivan Skoropadsky, the Cossacks were forbidden to elect their own Hetman.

In 1709, he ordered to reduce the number of students at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy from 2,000 to 161, ordered the best scientific and educational figures to move from Kyiv to Moscow.

In 1711-12, by order of Peter the Great, there was a forcible resettlement (deportation) of the population from the Right Bank Ukraine to the Left Bank (in Dyke Pole), and the complete liquidation of the Right Bank Cossack regiments. According to various estimates, up to 200,000 people were resettled, which is almost the entire population of the region.

1720 - the decree of Tsar Moskovi? prohibiting the printing of books in the Ukrainian language and the removal of Ukrainian texts from church books. "The old books should be compared with the books of the Great Russian press, so that there is no difference and special adverb in them, so that the spelling and accents exactly repeat the Moscow ones."

The tsar waged a long-term struggle for Muscovy's access to the Seas of Azov and the Black Sea, so he was hindered by the very existence of Hetman Ukraine. At that time, the goal of Ivan Mazepa, hetman of the Zaporizhzhya Army, was to unify the Cossack lands of Left Bank, Right Bank, Zaporizhzhia (Sichi), Slobozhanshchyna and Khanate Ukraine (Hanshchyna) into a single Ukrainian state under the hetman's regiment.

After Mazepa's unsuccessful support of the Swedish king Charles XII, Peter I ordered the destruction of the Hetman's capital, Baturyn. General Oleksandr Menshikov, up to 20,000 local residents, regardless of age and gender, including children and women with babies, were murdered.

"All of Ukraine is in blood", "Women and children on the wisteria of the saber", these were the names published by the leading newspapers of France - "Gazette de France", "Paris Gazette", "Lettres Historique".
"A terrible king, thirsty for blood in Ukraine. All the inhabitants of Baturin are cut down, as the inhuman customs of Muscovites dictate," "Menshikov shows the horrors of Moscow barbarism. People in it [Baturin] were cut down, churches were destroyed, houses were looted and burned."

Swedish historian Anders Friksel, author of "History of the Life of Charles XII", wrote: the Muscovites crucified the corpses of the Cossacks on rafts and let them down the Seim River (a tributary of the Desna) so that the population could see the fate of Baturin. In a letter from Glukhov, the Austrian ambassador Otto Player reported to Vienna: "Menshikov slaughtered everyone who was in Baturin, set fire to the ground and razed the city, seizing all property, weapons and 80 cannons."

The following were also burned (mostly with the inhabitants): Mayachka, Nekhvoroshch, Celeberda, Stary Kodak, Novy Kodak, Stari Sanzhary and Novy Sanzhary. The population was killed together with women and children. After the destruction, cities were completely burned and destroyed, including churches and monasteries.

Mazepa's supporters were impaled, quartered, hanged, or otherwise executed. In order to intimidate the population, the corpses of innocently killed townspeople were floated on rafts down the Dnieper.
Every week, during January-June 1709, up to 300 Zaporozhians, Cossacks, died in battles. If we add up the killed rebels and the number of Cossacks killed in the Battle of Poltava, it turns out that up to 40,000 Ukrainians supported Hetman I. Mazepa with their lives and active combat participation.

On November 12, 1708, by order of the Russian Tsar, Ivan Mazepa was anathema. The anathema was carried out by the Russian Orthodox Church in the Trinity Church (now defunct) in Glukhova, Sumy Oblast. According to the Lyzogubiv chronicle, on the eve of the arrival of the hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church, show executions of Ukrainian, local churchmen and monks were carried out, whose heads were hanged on the square in Glukhiv.

Tens of thousands of Ukrainian Cossacks and peasants, exiled to build fortresses and canals, died from hard work, disease and hunger. 104 versts of the Ladoga Canal were densely littered with corpses of Cossacks. "Window to Europe" ? the city of St. Petersburg was built on the bones of thousands of Ukrainians.

Author of the article: V. Belmas

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Kievans, do you know that...
Ancient names of districts of Kyiv have meaning...
Obolon ? is the root of the word "obolon ?", obviously comes at the time when the people of the continent spoke in one gram. Obolon - Italian bologna originates from one word, which means that
"in the summer, the meadows flow with countless lakes."
Division - ancient Slavs called the area under the mountain, or "under", "under".
Pechersk - has something to do with caves.
ткуelyani - in the place of modern муul?n was the sanctuary of the Slavic goddess of sadness - слоely and
became accustomed to us Zhulianami only at the beginning of the XX century. because of the fault of the imperial clerk that confused the letter,
Vydubič? - exactly in this place surfaced onto the shore ("Vidibaj God") wooden idol of Peruna, who threw into the river 988 year Prince Volodymyr at the baptized Russia.
And here in the area of Mount Kiril?vs гориko?̈ lived neither God nor idol, but a real dragon. According to reports, the legendary Gorinych was killed by Kyiv rich Cyril Kozhumiak, and a church was built on the site
Demiyivka appeared in the XIX century. and connected to the merchant demi.
Bor гіag?vka is named from the river bor борvka, on the banks of which grew bor відc від, or ?avel чки, from which the name bor щаc Бор (bor щаc Борc ща - ingredient).
Sirec лено comes from the production of unburnt brick, - sirc?.
Shulyavka - goes roots in Kiev Russia. Only then this area was named a little differently - Shelwiv borok (so called a short forest with lawns) and later the difficult to pronounce word was transformed into Shulyavka.
Koncha-Zaspa - in this place the Cossacks attacked the sleepy Polish army, and Polish guards, in order to wake the sleeping gentlemen, shouted loudly "Stop sleeping!" ".
Kurenivka - in Cossack times there were chickens.
Teremki - during the time of Kiev Russia there were teremi known.
Windy Mountains are hills near the vineyards where usually blows strong wind.
Osokorki - from the tree oskir, which is still often found in the area.
Vineyard is a place where grapes were grown.
Linden - from the lime alley on Pechersk, which used to belong to Lavra.
Galagans - from the surname of the hosts, deputies of Galagans.
Poznyaki - from the surname of Poznyaka, local assistant.
Darnytsia - by the version of the explorer A. Zheleznogo, the name of the settlement comes from the name r. Darnytsia. In some Turkic languages, the concept of "river" is expressed by the word "daria" (Amu-Darya - Mother of the river). For the first time Darnytsia is mentioned in 1509 in the ancient Slavic manuscripts from the mention that the great Duke of Lithuania gave the Monastery of the Monastery area of the river darnytsia.
Chokol?vka - from the surname of the owner of the printing house chokolova, who gave 9 thousand rubles to purchase land.
Karava?v? Cottages - the answer in the name, - there were the cottages of the famous surgeon in. A. Caravan.
Kuchmin Yar - from the surname of the per?oposelenc? Gregory Kuchma.
Vygur?v Сиina - named after the former owner - the court of Stanislav Vygury (the land near Kiev was given to him by the Polish King Sygismund).
Tro? кількаina - nearby were somehow the property of the Trinity Monastery, which a few hundred years ago settled by the residents of Chernihiv Governorate.
Libidska - from the name of the river Libid
Počajna - from the name of the river Počajna
Khreschatyk - from the name of the river Khreschatyks
Lukyanivka - named after Lukyan, who held the earth
Tatarka is from the Lower Rod Tatars who settled near the current Tatars відko Street (named in the 60s of the XIX century), and shortly settled on Podol near the Rye Market.
Protas?v Yar is known under the modern name from the beginning of the XIX century, when his lands were owned by the local peasant Protas.
Holos???̈vo is the name associated with the word proclaim. According to legend, after another Tatar attack on Kyiv exactly here the local residents of the city announced
- mourned the killed and captured.
Berestejka - from Ukrainian-speaking outdated topon?ma Berest?
Dorogo?ič? - comes from the "road to live", because was the place of accommodation velmo?.
Nivki is the name associated with the river nivko? that flowed on bor ріag?vc?
Svyatoshin - the name has leaks from the times of Kiev Rus and is related to the name of Chernihiv Prince Svyatoslav Davidovich, because these lands were his homeland and inherited him. On the slope of lit he went into černecetvo and in the people he was called svyatosha. This is a riddle in the Russian Spell.
B?lič? - formed from the features of relief and disgust. The place had a lot of white chalk, white mushrooms and squirrels in the woods. In the documents, the B?lyichi sanctuary was first mentioned in 1161
Berkovec Бер - 'tag' - sheep, because there was the presence of monastirs .kogo pasovis бірka. For the first time, 1240 is mentioned as the settlement of Berkov, which belonged to the Kyiv-Pechers шеkomu Monastery.
Bullock - local residents instead of horses harnessed the bulls that were held there, in wagons that were dragging commercial goods through the swamps.
Kn??ič? - according to legend, still in the prince of time, here had his palace solovej robber. Litopisn? same mentions of Bron Лі-Prince refer to 1125-1147. Polish royal dictionary mentions Knyazhichy as a settlement of monks in 1489.
Pus сa-Vodic? - the name of the area got from the word "Pus -a", that is thick, impassable forest, and a small river Vodic?, which no longer exists.
Straw is a straw hut where dependent villagers lived, "fixed" by the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, and retired soldiers.
Bortnič? is the kind of occupations of the first settlers who in ancient times engaged in bortnicctvom - collecting in the forest honey wild bees from bortej.
The Chinese are from the ancient Slavic word "Whale" - " bound in a bunch " snip.
Korčuvate - comes from the ancient word "korč"
(a bush, a stump )
Berezn?ki - "Berezn?k" comes from the berezovogo grove that existed in this area.
Resurrection is from the name of the church "Resurrection of Christ", which is on Podol, which belonged these lands.
Trukhaniv is the daughter of Polovec зяkogo Khan Tugorkan (Tugorkhan), aka the wife of Prince Svyatopolka Iziaslavovich had her summer residence on the modern Trukhan island.
Rainbow - according to the idea of the ancient, here was " Paradise Bridge-Arc " between " Lower " and " Upper " worlds - that is a special holy place
From the chat "Minsk massif".


11 u
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"Since the time of Kiev Russia, single documents have been preserved, instead of thousands of stamps. They have varied inscriptions, with pictures of princes, with rich iconography. And testify not just about the art world of Kiev Russia, about literacy - because many of them are done in Greek and done perfectly - but also indicate that we had a developed written culture. Because all these seals existed in the documents. The Museum of Sheremetyevih holds about 2,500 thousand stamps from that period. And it's one of the largest complexes in the world.
The next period is the so-called galic-volyn state, Russian kingdom or "dark ages". It covers 100 years after the Mongolian rush. So, from this period there is practically no l?topis?v (Galicia-Volynsky l?top?s covers only a short period after the Mongolian rush), the actual documents are counted units. At the same time, the Museum of Sheremetyev has hundreds of seals, which again open the curtain on the history of these "dark ages".
Next begins the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which is mistakenly also called the "Dark Ages". Although actually from the 15th century, from the first half of the 16th century we have received a huge number of documents and seals. And there you can see how high the culture was. Because even small government officials had their seals: with the inscription, with their coat of arms. And there are more than 1000 such in the museum. They all show that these are not the "dark ages", but a period that was filled with meanings, lives, figures.
Next is the Cossack period, a bright page in Ukrainian history that is very well illustrated by seals.
Imperial Age of the 19th century - and from this period to today there have been many attributes that show that despite the imperial unification, there were still some processes that tried to retain Ukrainian identity. Even Ukrainian-language stamps were preserved.
And finally, the age of free competition. In Ukraine, this is the largest collection of stamps from the times of the UNR, the Ukrainian state, and then again the UNR. Now 170 stamps of that period are presented at the exhibition "Sign on the Shield". The collection shows how much has been done over these three years of liberal competitions. There are stamps of a unique artistic level, and they can be compared to the stamps of Poland, the Baltic States, Czechoslovakia, Hungary. And Ukrainian are essentially better. Fedir Krychevsky worked on them, George Narbut are the pillars of that level.
There are also seals of the interwar period, World War II, other liberation competitions - as they are called in literature. There are stamps of oun, seals of the restored Ukrainian state 41th year. This all shows the gravity of Ukrainian history and tradition.
From the important: seals are proof that Ukraine is not just integrated into the European space, it formed it. "
This is a brief explanation of the history of Ukraine from Doctor of Historical Sciences Oleg Odnorozhenko. Read more about the museum in the first comment.

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How did Moscow write for us our history? You are welcome.
Today the city of dnipro celebrates the day of its foundation. It happened on September 13, 1776 by the order of Catherine II.
This is a lie. Dnipro is much older.
At this place, on the left bank of the dnieper, there was the ancient Cossack city of samara (Old Samara), the center of the omenno?̈ palanka of the army of zaporizhzhya. After the Moscow Tsar broke his "Tsar's unbreakable word" in front of Ukrainians and made a separate Andrussevsky peace with the Poles, dividing Ukraine, Moscow Zarbans came to Samara, expelled the Cossacks from the city and founded the Virgin Fortress. It happened in 1667-1668.
About the ancient Cossack city now reminds one of the areas of the city of dnipro - samars заkij.
And opposite Samara, on the right bank of the dnieper stood another old Cossack city, the center of the kodak palanka of the army of zaporizhzhya - new kodak. It's known at least since the mid-19th century.
He was also destroyed by Muscovites during the "founding" of Katerinoslav.
This ancient Cossack city reminds of another district of the city of Dnipro called Novokodazky.
Both of these cities are marked on ancient maps. Both efforts of Moscow propaganda are forgotten and unlikely to all residents of the Dnieper know about them at all. For them, these are only the names of the administrative units of the city.
The history with Katerinoslav-Dnipropetrovsk-Dnipro one-on-one reminds the history of Luhansk-Voroshilovgrad-Luhansk. The one, according to written in Moscow history, was also "founded" by Catherine II in 1795, allegedly in the "Wild Field".
In fact, Lugansk is just a continuation of the history of the old settlements of the Kalmius діko?̈ Palanka - Kamyanogo Brod and Velika Vergunka. This reminds of the names of one of the districts of the city of Luhansk - Kamyanobrids Проkogo, and the village of Velika Vergunka.
All these fictions about "founding bridges" during Catherine II have one purpose: to make Ukrainians forget their own history. Forget that Mariupol was founded not by Catherine, but that it was previously a fortress city of the army of Zaporizhzhya House. What Donetsk stands in the place of the old Zaporizhzhya settlement Oleksandrivka. That Toretsk (former Dzerzhinsk) was founded not by the imperors in 1804, but by theologian Cossack Anton Shcherbina a century and a half earlier. This city until 1936 was called Scherbinivko?. What lisičans Щоk so cossack winters fox bajrak on dinc? and higher on dinc?. What Odesa is the city of kocyubiyiv, and kherson is the city of bilkhovychy.
And further down the list.
The fantasies of the Moscow imperial "historians" aim to justify Moscow's claims on these lands. On the same fictional "Novorosiya" in the nineteenth century, for which Kremlin mercenaries and "ihtamnets" are now fighting. So lies sprout in war and blood. Ukrainians must know this, too.
They must know their history and dn?pr?ni. And to mention Samar and the new Kodak when drinking beer this evening under the solemn, expensive and beautiful fireworks.
P.S.
The people who do not know or forgot their past, have no future - said the smart Plato.
Are you interested in the past of our land and people? A little help for you - to investigate the most important and mysterious pages of history that I have the privilege of author. For a wide range of readers.
Classic paper books (autograph guaranteed) you can order from this link: http://pavlopraviy.blogspot.com/2019/03/blog-post_16.html
Electronic versions for symbolic fees here: https://pavlopraviy.blogspot.com/2018/10/blog-post.html

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Боян Бончев
6 d
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ON SEPTEMBER 9, 1944 in Divdyadovo (now a Shumen neighborhood), Russian soldiers shot the oldest member of the BCP in the Shumen organization.
The old man tried to fight back when they started grabbing chickens and inventory from his yard.
The "Liberators" shoot him without explanation. In his letter to Stalin on the atrocities of the Russians, Georgi Dimitrov also mentions this case, when he asks him to order to stop the arbitrariness, robbery, murders and rapes committed by Red Army soldiers.
Three kilometers from there, in the yard of the military school, the Russians order the officers on-duty garrison lieutenant Petrov to surrender their weapons.
Lieutenant Petrov goes out, pulls out his personal pistol and proudly declares:
- The Bulgarian officer does not surrender his weapon! - then shoots himself in the blind eye.
On the same day, a group of Russian soldiers in Burgas found an industrial alcohol tank at the station. A BDZ officer, a supporter of BCP and Russophile, tries to explain to them that alcohol is poisonous, but they shoot him and get drunk to death. As far as I know, about 70 Soviet primas die from alcoholic poisoning with methyl alcohol. These are also the only victims that the Red Army makes on Bulgarian territory, not counting those killed in drunk fights among themselves.
In just 3 months after the occupation of Bulgaria by the Red Army, 30,000 Bulgarians were killed without trial and sentenced.
Over 2,000 priests were shot or thrown in prisons and concentration camps (in comparison - during the April Uprising, 20 priests were killed, not by a regular army, but by Bashibozuk and Cherkezi)
It wasn't until 1945. the Russian Church cancels the schism against the Bulgarian Church, imposed in 1872. to prevent unity of our nation.
Then the "liberators" release us from our entire state reserve of tobacco - 25 million kilograms, from our entire state reserves of pink oil - 5000 kg. (more expensive than gold), as well as the entire state reserve of lavender oil.
Then we are also "liberated" from the pension fund accumulated in the Kingdom of Bulgaria. The equivalent of 2 billion dollars. Since 1946 more practically Bulgarians are left without a pension fund.
Then we are also "freed from the entire BNB gold reserve - 32 tons of gold handed over to Moscow in the period 1960-1964.
At the same period, Bulgaria is paying the USSR oil at $25 per barrel at an international price of $18.
The "Liberators " , huh.
Georgi Georgiev

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Pi (π) has been known for almost 4000 years, but even if we calculated number of seconds in those 4000 years and calculated π to that number of places, we would still only be approximating its actual value.
Ancient Babylonians calculated area of a circle by taking 3 times square of its radius, which gave a value of pi = 3. One Babylonian tablet (1900?1680 BC) indicates a value of 3.125 for π, which is a closer approximation.
Rhind Papyrus (1650 BC) gives us insight into mathematics of ancient Egypt. Egyptians calculated area of a circle by a formula that gave the approximate value of 3.1605 for π.
First calculation of π was done by Archimedes of Syracuse (287?212 BC), one of greatest mathematicians of the ancient world. Archimedes approximated area of a circle by using Pythagorean Theorem to find areas of two regular polygons: polygon inscribed within circle and polygon within which circle was circumscribed. Since actual area of circle lies between the areas of inscribed and circumscribed polygons, areas of polygons gave upper and lower bounds for area of circle. Archimedes knew that he had not found value of π but only an approximation within those limits. In this way, Archimedes showed that π is between 3 1/7 and 3 10/71.
A similar approach was used by Zu Chongzhi (429?501 CE), a brilliant Chinese mathematician and astronomer. Zu Chongzhi would not have been familiar with Archimedes? method, but because his book has been lost, little is known of his work. He calculated value of ratio of circumference of a circle to its diameter to be 355/113. To compute this accuracy for π, he must have started with an inscribed regular 24,576-gon and performed lengthy calculations involving hundreds of square roots carried out to 9 decimal places.
Blog: https://thetravelbible.com/museum-of-artifacts/

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 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLh9mgdi4rNewfxO7LhBoz_1Mx1MaO6sw_
 
Timothy Snyder: The making of Modern Ukriane | a number of youtubes

https://twitter.com/CarineKnapen/status/1702862930235019480   rustroll
a) 6.500 pro-RU DPR/LPR-soldaten
b) 4.400 Oekra?ense soldaten
c) 3.098 Oekra?ense burgers
d) 400-500 RU soldaten
e) 306 buitenlandse burgers (voornamelijk vlucht MH17 neergeschoten door RU troepen)
 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War#Total_deaths
https://mkaradjis.com/2022/06/16/on-the-fantastic-tale-that-the-ukrainian-army-killed-14000-ethnic-russians-in-donbas-between-2014-and-2022/
https://www.dw.com/en/the-odessa-file-what-happened-on-may-2-2014/a-18425200

https://nieuwscheckers.nl/geen-13-tot-14-duizend-burgers-door-oekraine-gedood-in-de-donbas-zoals-putin-beweert/
https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2016/07/un-report-2014-16-killings-ukraine-highlights-rampant-impunity
 
 
 
 
https://twitter.com/DevanaUkraine/status/1706395491146084535

Waffen SS Halychyna

Historical post

In 1940, to compensate for the military losses of the Waffen-SS, about 18,000 recruits were needed. According to the agreement with the Wehrmacht, the SS could receive only 2% of the total number of German recruits, which was about 12,000 people per year. It was decided to compensate for the missing number by forming foreign SS units. The first units of this kind were units from the Volksdeutsche in Czechoslovakia. This was followed by the formation of units in the Benelux countries (Westland Regiment) and Scandinavian countries (5th SS Panzer Division Viking). From the inhabitants of Eastern Europe: 7th mountain division "Prince Eugen" from the Volksdeutsche Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia (1942); division "Skanderbeg" in Albania and others.

In March 1943, the governor of the District "Galicia", SS Brigadef?hrer Otto Wechter, who was sympathetic to the Ukrainian national movement, established cooperation with the Ukrainian Central Committee (Ukrainian Representatives, leader Dr. Volodymyr Kubiyovych) and asked permission to form a police regiment "Galicia". Heinrich Himmler supported Wechter's initiative and suggested that the regiment be further developed into a division. The Military Administration created in Lviv for this purpose was headed by a Galician German, Alfred Bizantz, a former colonel of the UGA, a man well known in Western Ukraine. But in reality, the powers of the Office were minimal, and even the advice it gave to the Germans was ignored.

In negotiations with Dr. Otto Wechter, representatives of the Ukrainian side insisted on the following requirements:

- The division should be a Ukrainian division within the German army (and not a German division composed of Ukrainians), which should be reflected in the name, external insignia and command staff;

- The division should be formed as part of the Wehrmacht, since the "Waffen-SS" units did not have spiritual care of the soldiers, and this was of great importance for Ukrainian soldiers;

- Motorization of the division to such an extent that it had all types of weapons, including tanks;

- The division as a whole and its individual units cannot be used against their own people.

Initially, some of these requirements were fulfilled. According to Himmler's decision, the division was not called "Ukrainian"; in order not to promote the idea of Ukraine's independence, it was called "Galician" and consisted of the inhabitants of the country that used to belong to Austria, that is, "Austrian Galicians". The modern state emblem of Ukraine - "trident" - was only on the division's flag, and the division's insignia was the "Galician lion". At the beginning, all command posts from battalion and above were temporarily transferred to the Germans due to the lack of senior officers among Ukrainians.

Joining the Division, the Ukrainians hoped to create their first integral division (the main tactical combat unit of the ground forces), which would become the core of the Ukrainian army of a new model. They planned to receive military training and weapons necessary to implement the creation of a national army (hereinafter - UNA) to fight for an independent united Ukraine. To do this, some Ukrainians joined the ranks of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), while others joined the Galicia Division.

"Many divisional soldiers made this choice because they saw no prospects in the UPA. They had neither sufficient weapons nor appropriate military training. The guerrilla movement needed the support of a country. And there was no such help in the UPA. Not only we thought so, it was the same in the Baltics. The story of both Ukrainians and Balts fighting in the SS Viking was very similar, but ended differently. The Baltic countries, in particular Estonia and Latvia, recognized their SS divisions in the early 90s of the last century and equated them with the rights of veterans. The veteran advocated not only the need to grant such status to Galician divisions in modern Ukraine

The Ukrainian Waffen-SS Division "Galicia" was created on April 28, 1943 after the German troops were defeated in the Battle of Stalingrad. Recruitment of volunteers began in May. To carry out this action, a separate committee of former UGA officers called the "Military Administration" was organized, headed by Alfred Bizantz, a Galician German, former UGA colonel, and secretary - UGA centurion Osyp Navrotsky.

On July 18, 1943, a parade of recruits to the SS Galicia Division took place in Lviv. The governor of Galicia Dr. Wechter made a speech at the parade. The civilian population said goodbye to the volunteers. After the parade, the volunteers went by train to training.

SS Brigadef?hrer Walter Schimman was appointed as the division commander and was succeeded on November 20, 1943 by SS Brigadef?hrer Fritz Freitag, a former secret police officer who later commanded a regiment in the only police division on the front (4 Ss-Polizei-Panzergrenadier Division). Freitag was a very ambitious man, suspicious of his colleagues, and by his character was not well suited to lead the division. The division joined the "Waffen-SS" together with other national formations, but an exception was made for it, and "Galicia", the only one of all the multinational SS divisions, received the care of Catholic and then Orthodox priests. The division was formed as a semi-mechanized division, but not as a "Panzergrenadierdivision". The promise to use Ukrainians only on the eastern front was also not fully fulfilled. The Ukrainian side agreed to all these restrictions, considering them temporary and to be lifted after the division proves itself in combat.

Volunteers were recruited in May-June only among Ukrainians living in the present Lviv, Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. Later, representatives of other regions, for example, the so-called Volyn Legion, and even captured Red Army soldiers joined the division.

On June 18, 1943, 84 thousand volunteers signed up, 52 thousand of whom passed the medical examination, but only 13 thousand were enrolled in the division. After the commissioning of those who fell ill and those who received a "reservation", the number of the future division was 11.5 thousand people, and in November 1943, 6 thousand more were drafted, so that 17,200 people were sent to training camps. After the front approached, there were many more people willing to enlist in the division, because young people had to either be mobilized to the Red Army or "go to the forest". Therefore, five more police battalions were formed from volunteers.

The motivation of the soldiers who volunteered to join this formation can be described by a quote from one of the soldiers: "I fought not for the Germans. We fought for an independent Ukraine. Knowing what the USSR was, even in my thoughts I did not want the red scum to trample on my native land..." - Stepan Movchan explained the reason for joining the division. Belonging to the German armed forces did not mean that the division members shared the ideology of National Socialism. As a rule, they were Ukrainian patriots who saw the division as the core of the future Ukrainian army. Their worldview and values were also determined by the fact that they were mostly believers, the division had its own chaplains (one in each regiment) who took care of the religious needs of the military.

At the beginning of World War II, no one in the world looked at Ukrainians as a people with the right to their own state. We were perceived as anyone - citizens of Poland, the USSR, Austria-Hungary, but not Ukraine. These views were based on the history of Ukrainian lands over the past 200-300 years, so for the global world politics the issue of creating a Ukrainian state in any form was not at all.

This does not mean that the world was anti-Ukrainian, no, just that no one considered it necessary to create a new state at the expense of existing lands. Therefore, the activities of radical Ukrainian nationalist organizations to proclaim independence in some separate Ukrainian territory, where they had such an opportunity, encountered steady opposition from other countries.

Carpathian Ukraine was crushed by Hungary and Poland, because no one in the world needed this state, and Bandera's act of June 30, 1941 led only to a senseless confrontation of Ukrainian nationalists with Germany.

The consequence of both these cases were numerous and, as it turned out, useless victims among the most effective and efficient stratum of the Ukrainian nationalist environment.

Analyzing all possible options of Ukrainian state-building, we can confidently state that the only way to create a state during the Second World War was the formation of a Ukrainian division in the SS troops - the 14th Volunteer Division of the SS troops "Galicia". No other Ukrainian "statehood path" in this period did not lead to a national state.

The main initiator of the creation of the division was the Galician governor Otto Wechter, who considered Galicia to be a region where German influence was traditionally strong, and the local population was viewed as loyal to the Reich.

Wechter's vision coincided with the opinion of many Nazi leaders, and in particular, Hitler, who on May 19, 1943 stated: "Russian Ukraine must not be compared to Austrian Galicia; the Ukrainians living in Galicia have been under Austrian rule for a very long time. These Austro-Galician Rusyns are closely connected with the Austrian state".

It is not for nothing that Galicia was turned into a separate district in 1941 and included in the Governorate General, and not in the Reich Commissariat "Ukraine", while allowing the existence of many Ukrainian national organizations.

The latter fact shows that the Nazis did not intend to "dissolve" Galicians among the Germans, on the contrary, Ukrainian identity was emphasized.

Wechter managed to convince SS Reichsf?hrer Himmler that the SS troops desperately needed another foreign division, and he proved it to Hitler, who in the spring of 1943 gave his consent to the creation of the Galician division of the SS troops.

Wechter's interests coincided with the interests of Ukrainian nationalist circles that officially operated in the Reich. We are talking about the Ukrainian Central Committee, which did not recognize the underground struggle and sought to establish official ties with the German administration and strengthen Ukrainian positions in Europe.

Thus, Ukrainians, supporting the creation of the division, also made their civilizational choice, like the Germans. In general, the motives of the Ukrainian elite did not differ significantly from the goals of representatives of other European nations, who in 1940-1944 created national legions in the ranks of the SS. Therefore, the main purpose of the division was to try to win the Ukrainian people a place in Europe.

Wechter spoke : "Galician-Ukrainian youth, you have earned the right to do so, you are the ones called to fight your mortal enemy, the Bolshevik, to fight for your faith and homeland, for your families and native fields, for a just, new order in the victorious New Europe." In the Nazis' understanding, Ukrainians had to earn the right to their own state by showing that the Ukrainian nation was mature and strong.

Thus, a place in the New Europe was the main political reason for the creation of the division, which was to become the bridge on which the stateless people could achieve their dream statehood.

Historian Mykola Posivnych notes that: "There was very good propaganda and SS stood for Sich Riflemen (even now, veterans say that the SS means Sichovi Striltsi (this is the Ukrainian army which, together with Poland, saved Europe from the march of the Russians, who were trying to occupy all of Europe)). Therefore, so many educated people joined the division for patriotic reasons. They identified themselves with those who are fighting for an independent Ukraine.

In 1943, everyone was still silent about the crimes of the Nazis. Only when the first troops of the Western Allies entered the concentration camps, the world learned about Hitler's crimes. Before that, everyone was silent and did not care about Nazi crimes. OUN leadership of Stepan Bandera condemned the creation of the division as a harmful political project that would not serve Ukrainian interests, that Ukrainians would again find themselves between a rock and a hard place. And so it happened.

Other names of the military formation:

Galician SS Rifle Division (Galizische SS-Sch?tzendivision) (May 1943) - the name during the recruitment of volunteers.

"Galicia SS Volunteer Division" from May 30 to October 22, 1943.

"14th Galician SS Volunteer Division", from October 22, 1943 to June 27, 1944.

"14th SS Military Grenadier Division (Galician No. 1)", from 27 June to 12 November 1944.

"14th SS Grenadier Division (Ukrainian No. 1)" from 12 November 1944 to 25 April 1945.

"1st Ukrainian Division of the Ukrainian National Army" and from 25 April to 8 May 1945.

14th Waffen-SS Grenadier Division "Galicia". The word "Waffen" in translation meant "weapon" or "army" and was added to the military (front) units of the SS.

On September 5, 1944, an order was issued on the new formation of the division. By December 31, the division had to be ready for combat operations.

By this time, the political situation around the division had changed radically. October 17, 1944. Himmler allowed to change the name of the division to 14. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (Ukrainian Nr.1).

In Polish historiography, there is false evidence of the participation of the SS Division "Galicia" in the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising. Because the rebellious Poles called all foreign units that fought on the side of Germany Ukrainian. First of all, they spoke about Kaminsky's brigade. A number of researchers claim that the Ukrainian Legion under the command of Petro Dyachenko took part in the suppression of the uprising, which, however, was later incorporated into the Galicia Division.

On September 28, the SS command ordered the division to move to Slovakia to protect the area near the town of Zhylina from partisans, where the division continued to reorganize. In Slovakia, the local population, hostile to the Communists, treated the division well. Soldiers of the division even took under their protection Slovak workers who were terrorized by communist partisans. On January 26, 1945, the division was transferred to Yugoslavia, where it fought against Tito's partisans.

Later the division was transferred to Austria, where it participated in the battles near the castle of Gleichenber. The battle ended in victory for the division, and two Ukrainians were awarded Iron Crosses of the 1st class: Lieutenants Volodymyr Kozak and Ostap Chuchkevych. On April 15, 1945, Volodymyr Kozak at the head of his unit lifted the blockade of Gleichenber castle, and Ostap Chuchkevych on April 6 and 8, 1945, led successful counterattacks of the "Galicians", during which they managed to recapture the former combat positions.

In late 1944, the Germans offered Ukrainians to create the Ukrainian National Committee (UNC) as a representative of the Ukrainian people. However, the Germans insisted that the UNK be an integral part of the Russian "Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia", headed by General Vlasov, which the Ukrainians refused.

On March 12, 1945, the German government recognized the UNK led by General Pavlo Shandruk as the only representative of the Ukrainian people with the right to organize the Ukrainian National Army (UNA). On March 15, Pavlo Shandruk was appointed Commander of the UNA, and General Arkady Valiysky was appointed Chief of Staff, and on March 17, the formation of the UNA began.

The regular units of the UPA were to include: - the Division "Galicia", which from April 19, 1945 was called the "1st Ukrainian Division of the UPA" (1 UD UPA); - all Ukrainian volunteer formations that were part of various German units and since 1943 were called the "Ukrainian Liberation Army" (ULA); - volunteers from among Ukrainian prisoners of war and civilian workers in Germany; - air defense batteries formed from Ukrainian youth. On April 7, 1945, when the Red Army had already captured the eastern suburbs of Berlin, General Shandruk left for the 1st UD, which was at the front in the Feldbach area, and arrived there on April 18. He introduced to the staff the future new division commander, and for the time being the Chief of Staff, General Mykhailo Krat.

On April 25, the division's units took the oath of allegiance to Ukraine. On May 7, after learning about the inevitable surrender of Germany at 1 am on May 9, General Shandruk ordered the division to withdraw from the front line no later than May 8 and cross the Mura River to the zone of occupation of Western troops by forced march. The division sappers built a bridge across the river, which was used not only by the division, but also by German and Hungarian units on the retreat. The Red Army troops in the area of Judenburg cut the division into two parts with a tank attack. Nevertheless, the main part of the division ended up in the British occupation zone in the Tamsweg area, and the command of the UPA and a smaller part of the 1st UD were interned by the Americans in Radstadt.

The British moved about 12 thousand people from the "Galicia" Division to the internment camp in Spital, and from there - to Italy, where they were in camps in Bellaria, and from November 1945 to May 1947 - in Rimini. While in Rimini, the divisional soldiers demonstrated their patriotism, gathering daily for the procedure of raising the national flag. In May-June 1947, all Ukrainians, except for 1052 people who expressed a desire to return to the USSR and 176 who joined the 2nd Polish Corps of General Anders, were transported to England. There they were placed in prisoner of war camps, where they were involved in agricultural work. The complete liberation came at the end of 1948. After the liberation, the former soldiers of the division went all over the world - to the USA, Canada, Australia, Argentina.

Unlike other units formed from former Soviet citizens, SS "Galicia" soldiers were not extradited to the Soviet government, which some historians explain by the influence of the Vatican.

After the end of World War II, for years there were allegations of war crimes committed by members of the division, particularly against Poles and Jews. At the request of the Wiesenthal Foundation and some members of the Canadian Parliament, a government commission known as the Deschene Commission was established in 1986. It was to investigate the facts of hiding war criminals in Canada, including former soldiers of the division. After studying archival materials and interrogating witnesses, the commission in its official decision of 1987 recognized that:

- There was no evidence of crimes committed by the Galicia Division,

- Membership in the division could not be the basis for prosecution in Canada,

- There were no grounds for deprivation of citizenship or prosecution of veterans of the division in Canada.

The Nuremberg Trials, which lasted from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946 and tried Nazi war crimes, also found no evidence of her committing war crimes. It was not mentioned in the indictment and not a single Galician soldier was convicted.

In addition, there is evidence from combat veterans that the SS Galicia stole weapons from the Nazis and handed them over to the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. Similar divisions were created in most countries occupied by the USSR and all of them fought for the independence of their own states and did not participate in any punitive operations.

In Ukraine, the SS Galicia Division is perceived as heroes, we have streets named after them, we celebrate the anniversary of the division's creation and Ukrainians are very outraged that on many websites the coat of arms of the SS Galicia Division, which is taken from the Lviv coat of arms, is declared Nazi and can be punished.

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https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-asia/sarmatians-0013985

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 Voltaire's history of Charles XII, king of Sweden
https://archive.org/search?query=voltaire+history+of+charles+xii+
https://twitter.com/ItsFullOfFellas/status/1706428000038789317/photo/4
https://archive.org/details/historycharlesx00wighgoog/page/n314/mode/2up?q=ukraine
page n314
https://twitter.com/vatnik_destruct/status/1706311059764609481

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From an important map . The lands of Ukraine in the III - IV centuries. Chernyakhiv archaeological culture. Ukraine encompasses all of Besarabia and WESTERN Moldava..... and SO has been going on since the 3rd century. e until the 17th century when in the Principality of Moldava the language of business was UKRAINIAN and in the capital sočava, not sučava, as they call it today. Sočava from the word UKRAINIAN sočitis Н ..... Prince Peter of the Tomb was born. And Cute Galich, founded 450 years before Peter. Hide?

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ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE POST OF THE VIII EDITION (CONTINUED)
The name is the struggle for Ukrainian statehood. Restoration of the princely dynasty in Kyiv Confirmation of the conditions of the Brest Peace Treaty of 1435. Document of 1436
Authors - Marina Trattner (Sweden), Boris Cherkas (Ukraine)
Translation by Stanislav Parkhomenko (Ukraine)
"This document we found in the State Archives of Sweden in Stockholm on April 18, 2023 in volume 117, Section Extranea, IX Poland, Documents and Letters, 3. Polish archive, which during the war of King Karl X Gustav was delivered to Sweden (from the collection of Tide) (orig. flight. Extradition 117, IX Polen, a. Actions and letters, 3. Polish archives brought to Sweden during Karl X Gustav's war (from Tid?saml. ). The document had no name, only the number 1436 was indicated above. The text was written in Latin with abbreviations typical for texts of the time, but we were able to distinguish the names of the authors of the document, the name of King Vladislav, the Grand Dukes of Vitovta and Svidrigayla and the surname Rus. The decision was made to analyze the document, read it and translate it into Ukrainian.
We contributed to the analysis of the text of Ukrainian historians and linguists from Kharkiv. In the process of working on the document, it was revealed that this is a confirmation of the positions of the Brest Peace Treaty of 1435 between the Crown of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russian and Zemaitia and the Tevtonsk Order. Spontaneously you could say that this peace treaty was signed after the civil war in Lithuania and had nothing to do with us, but is it really so? "Read more on the spalts of the collection.
Included is a fragment of the map "Ukrainian lands in the 15th century. " from the Atlas of the History of Ukraine 2012 of the NAN History Institute of Ukraine

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When the enemy bursts the cynical lie that Ukraine was created by the Jew Lenin, is it possible to just sit and be silent?
When you realize that your history is over 30,000 years old and that the ancestors who lived on this earth have implanted such a powerful genetic code in you, were so advanced back then, you get the urge to ask, why don't we know all this?
Then you understand: to know, you need someone to tell.
The Trypil civilization began 7.5 thousand years ago and existed for over three and a half thousand years, occupying almost the entire territory of Ukraine!
Pablo Picasso said in vain: "An artist who does not know what Tripil culture is, cannot consider himself an artist."
Agriculture and industry appeared for the first time in Ukraine. Horse, cow and other animals were tamed for the first time.
The wheel and cart were invented for the first time, and it was of little more importance to mankind than all nuclear physics.
The first hole was harvested and planted cereals, vegetables and gardens. Baked the handicrafts
the sun is a wheat mill.
Why not from wild wheat, but from cultured, which was derived as a result of complex selection work, when the useful chromosomes of several wild forms were combined in a harmonious bond.
For the first time on the planet, a two-, three-storey city building has begun
temples, observatories, highways, pyramids of Ukrainian steppes - Scyphs graves, cyclopic fortification structures (Serpent shafts - long before the Chinese wall).
She was created amazingly rich
Tripil language that counted 20 thousand words. First literature and first poetry, different types of art.
Born unzbagnenno perfect science and engineering technique. Here appeared the first cosmogony, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, agronomy, religion, magic, etc. d.
This accurately calculates the radius of the Earth, the orbits of the planets, with an accuracy of 0.9 sec. - duration of a month and 0.4 sec. -duration of a solar year etc. nRent
Tripil astronomers perfectly knew the star map of the sky and its patterns, based on the law of periodic celestial phenomena and the movement of celestial lights.
The ancient cosmogony was based on continuous observations of stars and planets. Primitive observatories were found in almost every village - usually near temples. Thinkers of Trypillia have universally approached the law of phenomena of the nature of periodicity, in particular on the basis of what they observed on the basis of the common phenomenon of seven-fold repetition of various phenomena - the seven-element characteristics of zodiacal movements, the seven-color palette of musical notes, etc. d.
Tripilc? were the first to create the magic of numbers, cabal, astrology.
(O. Gubko "Ukrainian civilization")
Tripil civilization is the best thing in the world! And it's better what we have!
World civilization began here on Ukrainian lands, and it was created by our ancestors.
The Ukrainian people should know that with such historical ancestral roots it is a great nation. Behind us is the magnificent Tripil civilization, we are the direct descendants of the people who gave birth to all the Indo-European peoples that went to Europe and Asia.
In our genetic code - the most powerful potential and real power to Defeat Russia, spread its wings, become masters on their land and the Spiritual and Intellectual Center of Europe.
We lived here before the flood.
Our root in the earth is growing v?s.
And before teaching us, Europe,
Take a good look at yourself from the side.
You called us a fur coat.
Oblish: we don't care about your smile,
Because then we have already whitened the House,
How have you not come out of the caves yet.
These are lines from the poem of Boris Ol?jnik.

OVER 10 THOUSAND DOCUMENTS LOST THOUSAND AGO
Not long ago, historians believed that they wrote very little in Russia. Only one is known for the 10-12th century (!!! ) the document that has been preserved until our time is the literature of Prince Mstislav 1128-1132 years. But also her dating is a question mark. In the second half of the 20th century, archaeologists found birch letters - notes on birch bark that does not rot in some soil; then they discovered numerous graffiti on temple walls with inscriptions of various characters - from prayers to princely acts. The findings of stylists - sharp sticks made of solid materials for writing on wax, birch and lead sheets were more popular. All this testified that the broad layers of the population could write. However, the most shocking figure is the number of seals that have sealed their letters or letters to princes and duchesses, bishops and monks, cowards and jailers. More than 10,000 lead stamps that used to be stuck to a document didn't land in the ground and unlike parchment, exist today. We cannot even imagine the treasure our history has lost! Over 10,000 texts with their names, stories, affairs, relationships, political relations, names, taxes, laws, messages, donations, covenants, debt records and just letters from Yaroslavn to Igor!.. More than 1,000 Byzantine letters should be added to this figure, which left only stamps...
In the photo seal of Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich - one of the most famous princes of the second half of 11 - the beginning of 12 century, the founder of the černihiv branch of r?rikovič?v - olgovich?v. Without her existence, we would never have known to you about the title this Prince once had - "Prince Tmutarakani and Lord (warrior) of all the Gods".
Subscribe to my page Alexander Alfyorov, soon I will post a few more interesting stories - what those documents could tell.
There are more interesting videos from the history of Ukraine on my YouTube channel Oleksandr Alf'orov.

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The famous Varangian Guard, described by Roman writers as 'axe-wielding barbarians', 'the emperor's wine-bags' and so forth, seem to have survived the fall of Constantinople. Along with other Roman institutions, they found a new home in Nicaea under the Laskarid emperors.
The main reference comes from George Pachymeres (born 1242), who records the presence of 'axe-bearing Celts' guarding the imperial treasury at Magnesia in 1258. Roman writers made virtually no distinction between English, Norse or 'Celts' - so far as they were concerned, these men were all hairy Western barbarians, good at fighting and drinking and not much else. They might have said that; I could not possibly comment.
Magnesia itself was an imperial residence north of the main Laskarid palace at Nymphaion, along the valley of the Hermos River at the foot of Mount Sipylos. It was an important centre of commerce and the location of the imperial treasury and mint; Theodore II Laskaris called the city the "golden Magnesia", and spent much time there in the later years of his life.
https://www.facebook.com/NedLongshanks/posts/pfbid021ESsYJmhssbWzYirUn1wwk3q3oXyn3jeGS1pGLf8S38NewsQcL22hbZ5xKWtMWNYl?__cft__[0]=AZXHVadz78md7XiVWm0KsRnoqWh8WZkCjwEIyHd3IcjipDx9-Xg5sTPDqr74FVs8gjo-tGzhnFNRvgQ7QR6MhL-5mpx1GU6CqTZnGUP9nNWabvqCSDaJ9W-OW1S929ssKHJbRL55z-l9Zn7z5DrhBQibiGWauHQqV3HKoZyh2xG0oHGqmNqNyolQMqnavMacDoncA-o85nSCAkYbwMcu-qIl&__tn__=%2CO%2CP-R

In 1249 the Great Khan of the Mongols, G?y?k, decided to assert his authority in the Seljuk sultanate of Rum. He gave his choice as sultan, Kilij Arslan, two thousand Mongol horsemen, and the daughter of a Mongol general in marriage. Kilij was then sent off to destroy his elder brother, Kaykaus, who had the support of the Roman emperor, Vatatzes.
This was, among other things, a war between Vatatzes and the Mongols. The Roman emperor wanted to avoid two outcomes: direct conflict with the Mongols, and being forced to become their vassal.
His policy was vindicated at Aksaray (Aksaray province, Turkey) where, on 14 June 1249, Kaykaus defeated Kilij Arslan in battle. Afterwards, the Mongols agreed to divide Rum between the brothers, which reduced the threat to Nicaea. Then, after the death of G?y?k, the Mongol state collapsed into internal warfare.
Thus, Vatatzes had staved off the Mongol threat. It re-emerged in 1251, when Hulagu Khan ? a grandson of Genghis ? sent an embassy to Nicaea. These embassies were usually the prelude to invasion.
Vatatzes was too good a chess player to fall into such a trap: he bribed the Mongol ambassador, who agreed to become the emperor's agent. The 'terror from the East' was no match for the emperor's diplomacy.
(Attached is a pic of Hulagu Khan and his queen, Doquz Quatun, depicted as the new Constantine and Helen in a Syriac bible)

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Ukrainians have created about 200,000 Ukrainian folk songs! No nation in history has as many songs as the Ukrainian people created on their own! UNESCO has collected an amazing record of folk songs from countries around the world. There are 15,500 songs in the fund of Ukraine. Italy is in second place with 6,000 folk songs.
The collective "Zozulenka" - the future of Ukraine - the song "Scatter the horse guys."
#OpenUkraine #Украина #Україна #песня #Зозуленька #Розпрягайте_хлопцы_коней
Ukrainians have created about 200 thousand Ukrainian folk songs! No nation in history has as many songs as the Ukrainian people created on their own! UNESCO has collected an amazing phototeka of folk songs of countries around the world. There are 15.5 thousand songs in the fund of Ukraine. Italy is in second place with 6 thousand folk songs.
Collective "Zozulen коka" - the future of Ukraine - the song "Rozpryagajte guys horses".
http://open-ua.com

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http://likbez.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/1919_map_z.jpg
1918 Ukraine

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This man lived in the Middle East 100 thousand years ago. His skeleton was found in 1932. At one time he was considered the oldest sapiens on the planet.

The Skhul Grotto is located on the western slope of Mount Carmel in Israel. Excavations here began in 1929. During further excavations, skeletons of 10 individuals (both adults and children) were found; individual bones4 individuals. In addition, archaeologists have discovered more than 10 thousand stone tools belonging to the Mousterian culture. This culture in Europe is usually associated with Neanderthals. It is believed that the burials of people were deliberate, although the contours of the burial pits are not traceable. 9 out of 10 skeletons have bent legs.

The cave deposits have been dated several times. Using various methods (uranium series, electron spin resonance, thermoluminescence), a date range from 80 to 120 thousand years was obtained.

What species were the Skhul people? The proposed name was Palaeoanthropus palestinensis, "Near Eastern paleoanthropes". Then it was suggested that the Skhuls are mestizos of sapiens and Neanderthals. According to modern data, approximately 100 thousand years ago, a mixture of two types of ancient people could have occurred in the Middle East. It is significant that Neanderthal bones were found in the nearby Tabun Cave, on the southwestern slope of Mount Carmel. These Neanderthals were once thought to be the ancestors of Middle Eastern sapiens, but when finds from both caves were dated, it became clear that the Skhul and Tabun hominins lived around the same time.

The Skhul hominin is now often identified as an early anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens.

The skeleton of Skhul V was discovered in 1932. It belonged to a man 30-45 years old. The skeleton lay on its back, legs bent at the knees and pressed to the pelvis. The lower jaw of a wild boar was found on the chest, probably placed at the time of burial.

The cranial vault is relatively high, the massiveness is strong. There is a large eyebrow and strong occipital relief. The face is low and wide. The jaws protrude forward. The nasal opening is wide. The chin protuberance is well defined, but the chin does not protrude.
The brain is large, 1520 cc. Height is tall (173 ? 178 cm), body proportions are equatorial.

The man suffered from a dental abscess and rheumatoid arthritis of the lower jaw.

Recently, the Brazilian reconstructor Cicero Moraes completed a virtual portrait of the man Skhul V. As the author of the reconstruction notes, modern man seems ?fragile? in comparison with this ancient man. ?This makes us ask the question, what defines modern and archaic humans, what distinguishes Homo sapiens from Neanderthals??
This is not the first reconstruction of the khulets. Another famous portrait of the man Skhul V was made by Mikhail Gerasimov. His work, in our subjective opinion, makes a stronger impression.
The press wrote that Skhul V claims to be the oldest sapiens, but this has long been no longer the case. The skull of early sapiens from Omo (Ethiopia) is 200 thousand years old, sapiens from Jebel Irhoud lived 300 thousand years ago.

SCIENTISTS HAVE IDENTIFIED THE TYPE OF PAIN TO WHICH HUMANS INHERITED FROM NEANDERTHALS An

international team of scientists has confirmed the findings of previous studies that people carrying three variants of the Neanderthal gene are more sensitive to some types of pain compared to those whodoes not have such alleles. They were able to identify these painful sensations.

Previous research has identified three variants of the SCN9A gene, known as M932L, V991L and D1908G, in the sequenced genomes of Neanderthals, which were associated with increased sensitivity to pain. But the specific sensory responses affected by these gene variants were unknown.

An international team of scientists, which included specialists from the universities of California (USA), Fudan (China), Stockholm (Sweden), Oxford (UK) and other scientific organizations, measured the pain threshold of 5971 residents of Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru in response to a number of stimuli (it is known that among Latin Americans three variants of the SCN9A gene are widespread, but among Europeans they are almost never found). The findings are presented in the journal Communications Biology.

The researchers found that all three gene variants were associated with a lower pain threshold in response to skin tingling after exposure to mustard oil. But the response to heat and pressure did not differ from that of people who do not have similar gene variants. In addition, the scientists found that having all three alleles was associated with greater sensitivity to pain than just one of them.

The authors also learned that the three Neanderthal gene variants were much more common in populations with a higher proportion of Native American ancestry, such as Peru, where the proportion was 66 percent.


Roksolans.

Roksolans are the Iranian-speaking nomads who inhabited the steppes of the Northern Black Sea region in the first half of the first millennium AD. They were first mentioned by the Greek historian Strabo as nomads who used carts. In his time these tribes were nomadicbetween the Don and the Dnieper, in the Azov Sea basin. Under the Roman Emperor Nero (54-68), the Roxolani moved to the Danube and crossed the borders of the Roman Empire, invading the province of Moesia.

Subsequently, until the 3rd century, they remained on the Lower Danube and posed a constant threat to Rome. Under Emperor Trajan (98-117), they participated in the Dacian War, fighting against the Romans. Emperor Hadrian (117-138) concluded an agreement with the Roxolani, according to which he was forced to pay an annual tribute to the warlike nomads. Subsequently, the Roxolani, with the permission of Rome, crossed the Danube and entered military service with the Romans.

In the 4th century, the Huns who came from the east conquered most of the Roxolans. Later they were assimilated by other peoples of Europe and, starting from the 6th century, mentions of them are no longer found.

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https://twitter.com/EuromaidanPR/status/1712963152533389712
A grim statistic: Ukraine will soon record the highest number of widows in the world. On Friday, Mayor Kiychko presented awards to families of fallen defenders noting that Kyiv provides aid to families, psychological help and free meals for children in schools and kindergartens.

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from VK:

Hundreds of analogues of Arkaim have been found in the Southern Urals. The age of the oldest cities is 9-10 thousand years.

At one time, the discovery of a city like Arkaim caused a lot of noise. Scientists of different ranks and titles argued with each other about what this settlement actually was? Some argued that thisa full-fledged city. Others considered Arkaim a large-scale forging center of metallurgy. Still others even claimed that this was a sacred observatory of the gods. There were plenty of opinions, and everyone argued that this discovery was unique in its kind.

In 1987, researchers first started talking about the discovery of Arkaim. Not many years have passed, but there are already rumors about dozens and even hundreds of similar settlements. Moreover, some are larger than Arkaim, others are smaller, but they are all made using the same technology and have the same shape. That is, experts confidently declare that there was a huge civilization that built cities according to the same pattern.

The age of most of these settlements is older than that of Arkaim. The most ancient cities were discovered in the territories of Bashkiria, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan (up to 7 thousand years old). Since we are talking about other countries, it is important to clarify what the area of ​​​​the Arkaim-like cities that were built was. It turns out that they are scattered from Crimea to the Amur region. The most northern settlements were found in the Tyumen, Tomsk and Irkutsk regions, and they went south, occupying the territories of modern Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey and a little Israel.

I agree that these vast lands were inhabited by hundreds of peoples, but many researchers argue that the city builders were the same. In principle, if you remember what an incredible area Tartaria occupied, then it is not surprising that the country of cities included dozens of large countries. Unions in ancient times were much larger than they are today. The tendency since the 18th century to fragment into small countries led to the fact that the USSR was considered a great power in geographical terms. But this is only a third of that very Tartaria or the united country of Indo-European cities that lived many thousands of years ago.

A recent discovery by scientists in Bashkiria made it possible to discover three previously unknown cities at once. All of them today are under the water of Lake Chebarkul. And this is surprising, since the reservoir is at least 9 thousand years old. Naturally, there is no point in building a city under water, which means it was built even earlier. Can you imagine how incredible this antiquity is? And we are told that the ancestors were foolish savages.

On the contrary, they built standard structures long before Ancient Egypt, China, India, Greece, Rome, Malta, the Mayan and Aztec Empires. At the same time, I am not saying that it was built by the Slavs, Russes or Aryans. The wording ? Indo-Europeans ? suits me. The fact is that in these ancient settlements there were no preserved sources of writing, therefore, it is extremely difficult to understand exactly which people introduced this culture, which spread over tens of thousands of kilometers. One thing is clear - the origins of this civilization go back to remote antiquity, about which practically nothing is known. The more interesting it is to make discoveries.

from Facebook

My impressions of the movie "Volyn"
I watched the movie "Volyn" at the regular session in one of the cinemas in the center of Warsaw. The hall was packed, it was impossible to buy a ticket directly before the show. Almost the entire audience is young people. the girls and the boys. No one left the theater during the movie, although some covered their faces with their hands or turned away from the screen during the most brutal moments. Walked out stunned by what we saw. I understand what the creators of the movie were doing, but I am very curious why a 20-year-old Polish guy invites his girlfriend on a Saturday night to a violent movie about the events that took place more than 50 years before their birth?
The film is primarily not a work of cinematography, but a declaration of the position of the creators of the film on the past and future relations between Polish and Ukrainian and peoples.
The authors don't even try to tell a story, their job is to demonstrate the archetypes ? Ukrainian and Polish peasants, German and Soviet military, Jewish shinkars and teachers, Catholic and Orthodox priests, etc. The authors are not sorry for this neither fantasy, nor artistic means. The help of the director comes frank naturalistic cruelty and acting ensemble, a large part of which are actors speaking Ukrainian without any accent. I recognized only one of them, the faces and surnames of others do not tell me anything, except that there are Ukrainian artists, for whom the content of the movie in which they are shot does not matter.
The formation of archetypes is achieved mainly through comparisons and hyperbole. As separate bonuses - historical falsehood and abuse of naturalistic violence. In the movie, the crimes of Hitler?vc?v and the Soviets look much less barbaric compared to the methods Ukrainian peasants kill Poles - if the Germans only hang and shoot, the Ukrainians rip the skin of people alive, cut off heads, burn children, tying them in rye beams, gouge out their eyes, patra?t ють women's lives, etc. And if in the Germans and Russians it's done by the SS and NKVS, Ukrainians are simple peasants who have not recently been together with their innocent victims at the wedding.
The characteristic moment is the scene in which one of the characters-poles gets into the ambush of the Soviet-guerrillas. The squad commander addresses him with words: "don't be afraid, we are not Ukrainians. Give us food and moonshine and you can go. ?
The most pokazovim is the dramatic move that explains the motivation of Ukrainians who commit terror against the Polish people. At the beginning of the movie, drunk Ukrainian peasants in conversation with each other complain about suppression by the Polish authorities and express their "support for Hitler and Bandera". That's it. No illustration except episode of Polish girl marrying an old wealthy Pole instead of a young but poor Ukrainian guy. This guy is one of the few more or less positive Ukrainian characters in the whole movie.
Much of the movie is dedicated to creating a completely unambiguous image of Ukrainian nationalists. It's simple here - Bandera is already in the first stage in the same line with Hitler, all atrocities are committed under the shouts of the slogans "Glory to Ukraine! Hail to the Heroes! ", " for free Ukraine ", " glory to the nation! ?etc. To enhance the dramatic effect in the movie, the Decalogue of Ukrainian nationalist is constantly cited. Most of the Decalogue points are chanted by UPA fighters depicted in vicious flashes of fire on violent faces with fanatically gnawed eyes.
The culmination of the film is the rescue scene of the protagonist that is needed to authenticate the narrative - remains a living witness who can tell the truth. Thus salvation comes from a squad of Germans who, at the moment of the apogee of the bloody massacre, act with force that brings order.
This movie is a work of art, not a history textbook - the director claims in one of his interviews. But feature films have a much stronger impact on public opinion than any textbooks. The film contains a lot of associative chains with our present, primarily due to the use of Ukrainians in the tape of slogans and symbols, which are already more firmly tied to the events of the present than in the past. Anthem "not dead Ukraine yet", Blue-Yellow Flag, Slogan " Glory to Ukraine! Hail to the Heroes! ?, "For a free Ukraine! ?etc - today they are symbols of Ukrainian Independence, heroes of the Heavenly Hundred, fighters who are fighting a war with occupiers in eastern Ukraine.
Who's got a free kick out of this today? What will the viewing of this tape by a wide audience in Poland lead to? And in Russia? And in Ukraine? These are rhetorical matters.
In his time, the way to a true understanding between neighboring peoples was defined by Pope John Paul II, who offered the formula "We forgive and ask forgiveness! ". Unfortunately, the film "Volyn" can only initiate a dialogue of completely opposite content.