Topic: Oorlog Rusland 21 juni 2015 - groeiende Verzameling Ukraine historische links

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36-year-old resident of Kyiv Marina Vyazovsky managed to solve a mathematical problem that scientists around the world have been working on unsuccessfully for the past 400 years. Marina, as it turned out, took only two years to figure it out... And it became a real sensation in world science.
At school, the girl studied well, giving preference among other subjects of mathematics, and in 1998 entered the Kyiv natural science lyceum No145, which is near the Olympic stadium.
"Then there was the Kyiv University named after Taras Shevchenko. Faculty of Mechanical and Mathematics at Kyiv University Taras is the best place to study mathematics. This is what my teacher convinced me. Then this option can't make me better: I wanted to study at Kyiv and except math, I was not interested in anything,"- says Vyazovsky.
During her studies, Marina participated in the Math Olympics in 2002?2005, easily winning the highest awards. In 2005, Vyazovsky received a bachelor's degree in mathematics... After what went to study in Germany, to Kaiserslautern Technical University, for the purpose of getting a master's degree.
"I had to choose: to stay in Kyiv and look for a job or continue my studies abroad. So I got a master's degree in the German city Kaiserslautern... I believe that in Ukraine, both in schools and in primary courses at the university teach better than in Germany.
But already in the fourth year in Ukraine, most students begin to settle for work... In Germany, however, students spend more time studying, they do not look for a job, putting their education on the second plan.
In May 2010 defended the kandidats .ku dissertac?? at the Institute of Mathematics of Ukraine. And in 2013, received a degree of doctor of natural sciences at Bonn University.
In 2014, Marina moved to Berlin, where she worked a postdoktorantom at Berlin Mathematical School and Berlin University name. Up in Humboldt. And finally, in the spring of 2016, she announced that she had made a mathematical breakthrough by solving the ancient, for some reason, unsolved problem of packaging balls.
"My discovery is not a revelation or a coincidence." I have known about this task for a long time. A scientific article in which the proposed method of optimization of this 8-dimensional grid was written in 2003".
"I didn't think it was a global discovery. Didn't think it would make so much noise. Just a good article came out, just an interesting task I've been working on, but I didn't expect such attention. I'm not a Hollywood star, so press communication was difficult for me. Although explaining to people what and for what scientists do, I consider this part of my work... "
In January 2018, v?zovsky became a professor of the federal polytechnic school of lozanne, and later, in the same year, received the award new horizons in mathematics prize: "for a wonderful addition of modul ціnih theory to the problem of packing balls in special dimensions".
The works of Marina Vyazovsky were characterized as "simply charming", "very beautiful" and "extremely unexpected... "
Triumph miracle mathematics, this unusual ki?nki lasted. In 2019 she received the Farm Prize, and in 2020 - two more awards: in September - the National Latsis Prize from the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the European Mathematical Society (EMS-prize) (awarded once every four years).
Andrei Kostyuchenko.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPN1Wj3EVaE
Russian folk scum. What creatures does Slavic mythology hide?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xsowwl7s4Q0
SCYTHIAN GODS: The Religion of the Steppe Horse Lords // DOCUMENTARY

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cpl-f9_Z7aw
Andriy Hlyvnyuk - Chervona Kalyna (metal cover by recmydream)




NAMES OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES BY THE LANGUAGES OF YOUR NEIGHBORS
🇩🇪Deutschland: Germany (Ukrainian), Niemcy (Polish), Germany (English), Tysklandllemagne (French), Tedesca (Italian), Tysksyma (Swedish), Saksa (Finnish), Vācija (Latvian), Vokietija (Lithuanian)
🇫🇷 France: Ranska (Finland), Prancūzija (Lithuanian), France (Greek)
🇪🇸 Espa?a: Spain (English), Spain (Pol)
🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 England: Lloegr (Welsh), Bro-Saoz (Breton), Sasana (Gels-Irish), Sostyn (Gels-Mens 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿ko?), Sasainn (Gels-Scottish), Pow Sows (Cornolian), England (Ukrainian)
🏴󠁧󠁢 G󠁳󠁿 Cymru: Wales (Eng), Kembre (Breton), Gales (Spanish), Bretyn (Gel/Man), Wales (Ukrainian)
🇮🇪 ?ire: Ireland (English), Iwerzhon (bangs), Iwerddon (wall), Nerin (gel/men), Wordhen (corn)
🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 Alba: Scotland (English), Alban (corn), Albain (gel/irl), Bro-Skos (breton), Nalbin (gel/man), ?otiska (Luzhitsky)
🇮🇸 Iceland: Gwlad yr (Val), Toslainn (gel/irl), Eeslynn (gel/men), Innis T?le (gel/shotl)
F?royar: Faroes (English), F?r?arna (Swedish), Ellanyn ny Geyrragh (gel/men), Wyspy Owcze (floor)
🇩🇰 Denmark: Tanska (Finland), Taani (Estonia)
🇵🇹 Portugal: Ureno (Swahili), Portekiz (Turkish)
🇳🇱Nederland: Ponizzia (Ukrainian), Alankomaat (Finnish), Madalmaad (Estonian), рнsilt?r (gel/irl), Iseldiryow (corn), Iseldiroedd (wall), ?heer y Vagheragh (gel/men), Pays-Basque (french), Herbehereak (basque), Ni?ozemska (luzhitz), N?metalf?ld (made), ),emum ран ?alys (Lithuanian), Zemās valstis (Latv), Zemările de Jos (Romanian), Vendet e Ul?ta (skipper), 🇳τω alysρε ли (Greek), Felemenk (Tatar
🇮🇹 Italia: Italy (pol), Olaszorsz?g (Hungarian), Italiansko (Slovakian), Iod?il (gel/irl), Eadailt (gel/shotl)
🇨🇭Helvetia: Schweiz (German), Suisse (French), Switzerland (English), Eilbheis (gel/shotl), Elveeish (gel/men), 🇨🇭λ Helετ 🇨🇭α (Greek), Elve Helia (Romanian), Zvicra (skipper), Helsviči (Turkish)
🇦🇹 ?sterreich: Austria (English), Austriche (french), Austria (flame), Eastenryk (frieze), ?strig (dan), Ostair (gel/shotl), Avusturya (turkish), Rakousko (czech), It?valta (finn), Nimsa (arabic)
🇨🇿 Česko: Czechy (Poland), Tschechien (German), Tch?quie (French), Cechia (Italian), Tjekkiet (Danish), Tsiecia (Wales), tSeic (Gel/Iirl), Kekkia (Faroe), Csehorsz?g (Hungarian), 🇿σε данα (Greek)
🇸🇰 Slovensko: Slovakia (English), Clovack (gel/men), Eslovaquia (Spanish)
🇵🇱 Polska: Poland (English), Polen (German), Pholynn (gel/men), Gwlad Pwyl (wave), Poola (Estonian), Puola (finn), Polолων ангα (Greek), Polija (lata), Lenkija (Lithuanian), Lengyelorsz?g (artistic), Lehistan (
🇭🇺 Hungary: Hungary (English), Ungarn (German), Hungary (Pol), Hungary (укр), Vengrija (литов), Unkari ( orsz?gін), Macaristan (туре 🇭), Ma 🇺arsko (Slovac)
🇷🇴 Rom?nia: Errumania (Basque), Voloshchina (Ukraine), Vla?ka (Croatian), Eflak (Turkish), Vlahia (Bulgarian), Wallachia (English), Valachie (French)
🇧🇬 Bulgaria: Bulgarian (Serbian), Palhari (guard)
🇬🇷 Жλλ джеα: Hellas (Norwegian), Greece (English), Griechenland (Noman), Greece (Ukrainian), Grčka (Croatian), Graikija (Lithuanian), Kreikka (Finnish), Kreeka (Estonian), G?r?gorsz?g (Madyar), дзecko (Czech), Yunanistan (Turkish), Alydzey (Adig), Byrzentyla (Abkhaz), Yanehye (Ingush), Zheltoich (Nochchi), Saberdzneti (Kartvel), John (Hebrew)
🇦🇱 Shqip?ria: Albania (English), Arnavutluk (Turkish), Shtipriya (Komi)
🇷🇸 Serbia: Serbia (Turkish), Srbko (Slovak)
🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnia and Herzegovina (Turkish)
🇲🇪 Crna Gora: Montenegro (Ukraine), Montenegro (Italy), Monadh Neagrach (gel/shotl), Juodkalnija (Lithuanian), Melnkalne (Latv), Mali i Zi (skipper), Karadağ (Turkish), Mustm?gi (veps), Shemkurik El (Mari), Svartfjallaland (Iceland), 🇪авро аунио (Greek), Djabal Asvad (Arab), G?rzhalamancho (Nohchi),
🇭🇷 Hrvarska: Croatia (English), Chorwacja (gender), Hırvatistan (Turkish)
🇺🇦 Ukraine: Oekra?ne (flame), Ukraine (Greek)
🇷🇺 Russia: Moscow region (Ukraine), Ven?j? (Finn), Venemaa (Estonian), Ven?ma (Veps), Errusia (Basque), чеωσ ),я (Greek), Urysey (Adig), Erseche (Ingush), Rochmu (Komi), Russia (Kazakh), Kriveja (Latgal), Krievija (Latvia)
🇧🇾 Belarus: Belarus (Lithuanian), Belarus (Latv), Boltkrīveja (Latgal), Valko-Ven?j? (Finnish), Valgevene (Estonian), Hviderusland (Dan), Feh?roroszorsz?g (Madar), Urysyhu (Adig), 🇾еукороσ лая (Greek)
🇱🇹 Lithuania: Litwa (half), Leedu (Estonian), L?twa (kashub), Lithuania (finnish)
🇱🇻 Latvia: Le данmō (Livon), Latvia (Greek), Lettorsz?g (Hungarian), Loty?sko (Czech), Letonya (Turkish), Latvia (Danish), L?ti (Estonian), 🇻otwa (Poland)
🇪🇪 Estonia: Viro ( данін), Estonia (литов), Estiska (лу луи V), Estonia (дан), Estonia (latv), Estonia (латгал)
🇫🇮 Finland: Finland (Swedish), Su?maidh (gel/shotl), Suomija (Lithuanian), Suomeja (Latgal), Soome (Estonian), Somija (Latv)
🇸🇪 Sverige: Sweden (English), Sweden (Ukrainian), Ruotsi (Finn), Rootsi (Estonian), Toolynn (gel/men), Sverigesve? (Turkish), tSualainn (gel/irl), ?vedeja (latgal), Zweden (flame), Sv?r?ki (farrer), Zviedrija (Latv), ?vedija (Lithuanian), Ročinma (veps), Sv? Sverigej?? (Iceland)
🇳🇴 Norge: Norway (English), Vuona (Saami), Norlynn (gel/men), Norra (Estonian), Norja (finn), Nirribhidh (gel/shotl), Iorua (gel/irl), Norgagh (corn), Norvec (Turkish), Taa?? (Saami)
🇹🇷 T?rkiye: Turkey (Ukraine), Turkey (Estonian), Turkey (Hungarian), Turkey (Croatian), T?reck? (Kashub), Twrci (Val)
🇬🇪 Sakartvelo: Georgia (English), Georgia (Moscow), G?rcistan (Turkish), Vrastan (Virm), tSeoirsia (gel/irl), Chairtbheil (gel/shotl), ?horshey (gel/man)
🇦🇲 Gajastan: Armenia (Ukrainian), Armenia (Moscow), Armenia (Serb), Ermenistan (Turkish), ?rm?nyorsz?g (Madaryar), Somkheti (Kartvel), Somikh (Ossetian), Ermaloychoy (Nohchi)
* Ukrainian transliteration transferred names in Arabic, Armenian and Kartvelian languages that have their own alphabets
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Let the Russians deny these 10 facts:
1. The state called Moscow was renamed Russia by Tsar Peter I in the 18th century, in 1721.
2. The Moksha tribe named their river Moscow, and the translation of this name, from the Moksha language, sounds like "dirty water". No other languages in the world can translate the word Moscow. The word "Kremlin" is Tatar and means fortifications on the heights.
S. In the Middle Ages, all the cartographers of Europe wrote and guided the border of Europe along the borders of Russia (Russia is the territory of present-day Ukraine). Moscow - the Ulus, with its Finnish peoples, has always been a part of the Horde, and its Europe treated Asia fairly.
4. Moscow (Russia) paid tribute to the Crimean Khan, its SOVEREIGN and MASTER, who was the successor to the Golden Horde, until 1700. The Tsar of Moscow met the Crimean ambassador on the Poklonnaya Mountain, put him on his horse, on foot, under the bridle, led the horse with the Crimean ambassador to the Kremlin, put him on the throne and kneeled before him.
5. In 1610, in Moscow, Boris Godunov (murza Gudun) finished the Genghizid dynasty (a relative of Genghis Khan), and Alexei Koshka of the Finnish Mare family was placed on the throne, and when he was crowned to the Kingdom, the Church gave him the surname Romanov, who allegedly came from Rome to rule Moscow.
6. Catherine II, after the occupation of the last free Russian State - the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (territory of Belarus) in 1795. , by her order ordered to call the Ugro-Finnish tribes of Moscow some Great Russians, and Ukrainians - true Russians - Minor Russians.
7. No one has ever seen in the original the agreement of reunification between Moscow and Ukraine, allegedly signed by B. Khmelnitsky and Tsar A. Romanov.
8. For several centuries, archeologist Moscow has been looking for artifacts that confirm the credibility of the Battle of Kulikovsky, but so far without success, here is only a fable about the victory of D. Donsky over Mamay is still sung, on all voices.
9. Pskov, Novgorod, Smolensk regions of Russia are former Slavic-Russian principals, and they had nothing to do with Ugro-Finnish Muscovy until the Moscow-Horde occupied them in 1462, 1478 and 1654 respectively. And in other regions of Russia (Moscow) Slavic tribes and peoples have never lived.
10. The Golden Horde and its daughter - Moscow, are the only countries in the world that kept their own people slaves. This explains the eternal backwardness of natural fossil-rich Moscow from the comparatively allocated to natural resources of European countries. After all, the work efficiency of free people is much higher than slaves.

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https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/29/ukraine-israel-gaza-russia-support/

KYIV ? Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky?s immediate and forceful support for Israel in its fight against Hamas has imperiled almost a year of concerted efforts by Kyiv to win the support of Arab and Muslim nations in its war against Russia.

Zelensky?s early statements backing Israel after the surprise attack by Hamas, in which more than 1,400 Israelis were killed, helped Ukraine stay in the international spotlight, and placed it firmly on the side of the United States.

Zelensky?s position also drew attention to the increasingly close relationship between Russia and Iran, which is a main sponsor of Hamas, a sworn enemy of Israel, and also an important supplier of drones and other weapons for Moscow.

Hamas and Russia are the ?same evil, and the only difference is that there is a terrorist organization that attacked Israel and here is a terrorist state that attacked Ukraine,? Zelensky said in a speech to NATO?s Parliamentary Assembly on Oct. 9.

But with Israel?s military operation set to enter its fourth week, and Palestinian civilian casualties mounting, the war in Gaza is posing one of the most difficult diplomatic tests for Ukraine since Russia?s invasion in February 2022.

Countries like Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar, which at times have provided crucial support to Ukraine, have accused the West of double standards in Gaza, alluding to the broad condemnation of civilian deaths in Ukraine compared with the muted criticism of Israel.

Tension with Muslim and Arab nations, however, is just one risk facing Kyiv, which must now also contend with the world?s attention shifting largely to a new war in the Middle East, as well as competing demands for U.S. military support at a time when House Republicans just elected a new speaker, Mike Johnson (La.), who has opposed sending additional aid to Ukraine.

Some experts noted that Israel had already made clear it was not going to reciprocate with greater support for Ukraine.
Randa Slim, an expert in peace-building at the Middle East Institute, said Israel had no choice but to maintain its relationship with Moscow, in part because of Russia?s control over Syria, and she pointed out that Israel had rejected Zelensky?s offer to visit after the Hamas attack.

Zelensky?s pro-Israel position ?did not make sense,? Slim said, adding that many Arab and Muslim countries see more similarities between Israel and Russia ? as aggressive military powers ? than they do between Israel and Ukraine.

?This is where the Arab region is,? she said. ?They are not going to accept what Biden says, comparing Russia and Hamas. They are more comparing Russia and Israel as far as death toll and as far as targeting civilians.?

Zelensky, she said, could win more friends if he was ?ready to say what Russia is doing in Ukraine is what Israel is doing in Gaza.? But, she added, ?I don?t see Ukraine ready to do that or willing to do that.?

Just as Russian President Vladimir Putin initially offered no direct condolences to Israel and no firm rebuke of Hamas, Zelensky was slow to speak about the need to protect Palestinian civilians in Gaza as Israel stepped up retaliatory airstrikes.

When news of the Hamas attack first hit, Zelensky and members of his team compared Hamas to Russia, saying Ukrainians had ?a special understanding about what is happening? to Israelis. (There are large numbers of Ukrainian and Russian immigrants living in Israel.)

Only 10 days later did Zelensky indirectly allude to the bombardment of Gaza by calling for the need to protect civilians and for de-escalation.

Meanwhile, Zelensky has steered clear of criticizing Israeli strikes, despite the deaths in Gaza of thousands of Palestinian civilians and at least 21 Ukrainian citizens.

The foreign ministers of Turkey and Qatar, which have played instrumental roles in negotiating between Ukraine and Russia on issues like prisoner-of-war exchanges and Russia?s blockade of Ukrainian grain exports, issued a joint statement alleging Western hypocrisy.

?It is not permissible to condemn the killing of civilians in one context and justify it in another,? said Qatar?s Mohammed bin Abdulrahman al-Thani. Turkey?s Hakan Fidan added that the West?s failure to condemn the killings in Gaza ?constitutes a very serious double standard.?

Back-channel talks keep Ukraine and Russia in contact, despite war

In an interview with CNN, Queen Rania of Jordan also offered sharp criticism: ?Are we being told that it is wrong to kill a family, an entire family, at gunpoint, but it?s okay to shell them to death??

Other experts said Zelensky?s efforts to draw comparisons were unlikely to resonate with Arab countries.

Ukraine ?has never been at the forefront? for the Arab world, said Kristian Ulrichsen, a fellow at Rice University who has written on Ukraine-Arab relations. ?It is a conflict that does not concern them.?

Ulrichsen added, ?Israel is taking up so much bandwidth that I don?t think anybody in the Middle East really is thinking about Ukraine right now.?

This weekend, Ukraine was scheduled to host a third round of talks aimed at fostering global support for its ?peace plan? ? which calls for a unilateral withdrawal of Russian troops from occupied Ukrainian territory and full restoration of Ukraine?s territorial sovereignty.

Unlike at the first Ukraine peace formula meeting in August, which was hosted by Saudi Arabia in Jeddah and attended by delegates from almost all the major unaligned powers, it was unclear if Saudi officials would attend this weekend?s event in Malta.

Zelensky spoke Monday with Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, and in a readout of the call issued by Riyadh, there was no mention of the Malta conference or further help for Ukraine.

China, which in recent days has joined Russia in calling for a return to a two-state solution to settle the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, was not attending the Malta event, Bloomberg News reported.

Turkey was planning to send a delegation to Malta, but in recent days Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has spoken out forcefully against Israel and has described Hamas as a resistance movement ? a stark contrast to Zelensky?s stated positions.

With Russia stepping up attacks on the eastern front, Ukraine can hardly afford to lose any friends. This is especially true given increasing opposition by Republicans in Congress to sending more aid to Ukraine.

President Biden has proposed an additional $60 billion in assistance for Ukraine, and in a recent speech tied that to increased funding for Israel and for strengthening border protection in the United States.

But the White House must now deal with Johnson, the new House speaker, who has repeatedly voted against further Ukraine funding and told Fox News he intends to separate funding for Ukraine from the assistance to Israel.

Johnson has said Washington will not abandon Ukraine but has questioned the White House?s ultimate goals. Meanwhile, in Europe, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban, who recently met Putin on the sidelines of a conference in China, is trying to shoot down a 50 billion-euro aid proposal for Ukraine from the European Union.

The E.U. package will be voted on in December as part of the bloc?s 2023-2027 budget and requires the unanimity of the 27 member countries to be approved.

Tymofiy Mylovanov, a former Ukrainian economy minister, expressed confidence thatZelensky?s administration would come up with a plan to re-boost international support for Ukraine and maintain attention on the war in the short to medium term.

Ukraine?s Foreign Ministry, the Ukrainian presidential administration and a spokesperson for Zelensky did not respond to requests for comment on what their plan might entail.

Ukraine, meanwhile, has been preparing for the possibility that U.S. support will taper off, according to Orysia Lutsevych, director of the Ukraine program at Chatham House, a London-based think tank.

Ukraine?s ?Plan B? ? evidenced by recent joint ventures with German and Turkish arms companies as well as talks with British and American manufacturers ? is to distance itself as much as possible from external foreign politics, Lutsevych said.

?If America completely abandons Ukraine, it would be very difficult,? Lutsevych said. ?But Ukraine will keep fighting with the resources it has on its own and it has from European allies.?

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https://naked-science.ru/article/archeology/geneticheskoe-issledovanie-sintszyana
https://vk.com/wall-176775940_19301

Genetic study traces 5,000-year history of Xinjiang's population

Scientists have reconstructed the history of the population of Xinjiang, a region in northwestern China that was at the crossroads of the cultures of East and West Asia. To do this, the researchers analyzed the genomes of 200 residents of Xinjiang, whose remains were discovered on the territory of 39 archaeological sites, the earliest of which date back to the beginning of the Bronze Age.

The Xinjiang region is located in northwest China. Due to its location on the Silk Road, continuous cultural exchange took place between East and West Asia. However, the mixing of diverse populations in Xinjiang goes back even further. Thus, it is assumed that the Bronze Age mummies discovered there have Western characteristics, and the texts of the 5th century were written in Tocharian, a language belonging to a dead Indo-European language group.

Now scientists from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have examined the genomes of 201 residents of Xinjiang, whose remains were discovered on the territory of 39 archaeological sites. Using large-scale genome-wide analysis, researchers were able to trace the 5,000-year history of this region. The results of their work were published in the journal Science.

The history of Xinjiang's settlement during the Bronze Age has become key to understanding the region's later population dynamics. Previously, it was suggested that the first people in Xinjiang came from the western steppe regions or were somehow connected with the population of Central Asia. Scientists have identified genetic similarities between the first inhabitants of Xinjiang and both groups, but in addition, they were related to the local population that lived in this territory about 25 thousand years ago.

The later Bronze Age saw an influx of new genes from Western populations, including the Andronovo culture, as well as from East and Central Asia. This speaks to the interaction of the people of Xinjiang with the population of Central Asia through the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor. Some residents of Xinjiang demonstrated kinship with the Afanasyev culture. The arrival of these Indo-Europeans may have played a role in the spread of Tocharian, the easternmost of the Indo-European languages, into Xinjiang. The appearance of these languages ​​in Xinjiang at the same time as their penetration into Western Europe explains the spread of the Indo-European language family, which today has the largest number of speakers.

During the Iron Age, people from various regions of Asia continued to arrive in Xinjiang, their origins were even more diverse and even included mainland East Asia. The Iron Age people of Xinjiang also showed kinship with the Xiongnu people, the Han Empire, and the Saka nomads. The presence of the latter in the genetic history of Xinjiang helps to date the appearance of Indo-Iranian languages ​​in the region. The scientists also showed that, despite numerous cultural shifts, the genetic profile of Xinjiang's Iron Age population can be traced to some of its modern inhabitants.

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A selection of reconstructions of the people of the Yamnaya culture of the early Indo-Europeans

According to their physical parameters, representatives of the Yamnaya culture (despite the pigmentation of the eyes and hair) were Caucasians, predominantly of the paleo-Europoid (cromanoid) type and an archaic variation of the ?Nordic? race, found in the Black Sea region and Ciscaucasiasouthern European forms. However, eye and hair pigmentation could vary to lighter shades depending on the region.
In the Bronze Age, in the vast expanses of the Eurasian steppe, Indo-Europeans were engaged in transhumance and stall-pasture cattle breeding, where the herd consisted mainly of cattle, there were no huge herds of horses, the horse was needed only as a raid weapon.

1. A man of the Cromanoid race from the Kumsay burial ground, Western Kazakhstan, who received the nickname ?The Giant from Kumsay,? whose height reached at least 2 meters. Based on the reconstruction by Alexey Nechvaloda, where, in our opinion, the features are conveyed most accurately. Our post on the giant from Kumsay from the excavation site: https://vk.com/wall-176775940_12631

2 and 3. Neighbors of our giant, a man and a woman from the Kumsay Burial Ground, from burial 9 and 2. Both the man and the woman belong to the archaic form the ?Nordic? race, where the features of the Cromanoid type are clearly visible (administrator?s note: the Nordic race separated from the Cromanoid race as a result of its gradual gracilization and some anthropologies do not separate them at all).

4. Reconstruction of a Yamnaya culture man from the Samara Volga region.

5. A man of the Yamnaya culture of the Cromanoid race, found near the village of Bykovo in the Volgograd region.

6. A man of the Early Yamnaya culture from the Orlyanka I burial ground, Samara region. Protonordic type.

7. A typical woman of the Yamnaya culture, who had a large skull. Dolichocephaly. Protonordic type. Samara Volga region.

8. A man of the Yamnaya culture of the paleo-Europoid type. Samara Volga region.
The man's eye sockets and nasal cavities were coated with a black resinous substance, and his forehead, lower jaw and nose were painted with red ochre. These practices likely had cultural or ritual significance for the Yamniki. It is interesting that a similar custom of applying death masks also developed among the later Catacomb culture, which was the successor of the Yamnaya.

9. This representative of the Yamnaya culture was discovered in the Ishkinovka burial mound, located in the eastern part of the Orenburg region. The area is located on the banks of a tributary of the Ural River and is famous for its copper mines, which were developed by its fellow tribesmen. The man belongs to the paleo-Europoid type. The pigmentation is questionable, but it does exist.

In addition to the post: Pigmentation of ancient northern Eurasians https://vk.com/wall-176775940_17684

Source of reconstructions ancestralwhispers.org
https://vk.com/wall-176775940_19269

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https://brilliantmaps.com/viking-world/

THE OLDEST INSCRIPTION IN THE OLD RUSSIAN LANGUAGE WAS MADE EVEN BEFORE THE CAPTISM OF RUSSIA

This is a very interesting artifact, very controversial - they have been struggling with its reading for more than seventy years. Although, it seems, all the letters are legible. It's all a matter of interpretation.

Well, the very age of the find also adds space for discussion.

Usually the spread of writing in Rus' is associated with baptism. The Cyrillic alphabet that we use is considered the invention of the enlightenment brothers Cyril and Methodius. Although, to be completely honest, they invented the Glagolitic alphabet, and the Cyrillic alphabet was developed by one of Cyril?s students, the Bulgarian monk Kliment of Ohrid.

But these particulars are not important. It is important that Cyrillic writing arrived in Rus' in the monastic train. It was originally invented so that Christian texts would be accessible to the Slavs. The first books in Cyrillic are translations of the Holy Scriptures.

However, near Smolensk in 1949, at the famous Gnezdovo excavation site, a jug (almost whole) with a curious inscription was found. This inscription was clearly written in Cyrillic, and the find dates back to approximately the middle of the 10th century. That is, the Cyrillic text was applied to the jug several decades before the baptism of Rus'.

This text is very small. Just one word. It looks like this (pictured). All letters are written clearly, very clearly visible: PEA.

Here it is also worth considering that in the Old Russian language the sound ?U? was transmitted by the diphthong ?OU? (then the initial ?O? simply fell off from it). So it turns out that in front of us is a jug signed with the mysterious word ?Gorukhshcha?.

So what kind of crap is this?

Historians and linguists are at a loss. Perhaps we are talking about mustard. You know how housewives in modern kitchens label jars so as not to forget what is stored where.

Or perhaps it means that something flammable was stored in the jug. For example, a mixture for Greek fire. Interesting option, right?

Another part of the researchers suggests that this is a possessive adjective on behalf of the owner of the jug. Presumably his name could be Gorun, and then the text should be read as Gorunsha. That is, belonging to Gorun.

Perhaps this is a jug from some merchant who arrived from Moravia or the Balkans, where the Cyrillic alphabet has already gained some popularity. Then he could use this new, but already very convenient for the Slavs, alphabet to sign his property.

In general, a very interesting artifact. Historians will be discussing it for a long time, that?s for sure!
https://vk.com/wall-175747626_129800

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https://historianet.nl/beschavingen/vikingen/fimbulwinter-gebaseerd-op-echte-gebeurtenissen

reason for plunder ?

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The connection between genetics, culture and geography in the population of Central Asia

Kazakh, Russian and Uzbek geneticists studied the gene pool of the population of the historical region of Central Asia - Transoxiana (Interfluve, Transoxiana) - Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Karakalpaks, Turkmens and Dungans using Y-chromosome markers. It turned out that the main role inIn the structuring of the gene pool of Transoxiana, it is not the geographical landscape that plays a role, but the culture (economic and cultural type): agriculture or nomadic cattle breeding. At the same time, it is shown that cultural and demic expansion may not be interrelated: the expansion of the Arabs did not have a significant impact on the gene pool of the population of Transoxiana, and the demic expansion of the Mongols did not have a significant impact on its culture.

The journal Scientific Reports published an article by Kazakh, Russian and Uzbek specialists (first author: Maksat Zhabagin, Nazarbayev University, Astana, and Prof. Elena Balanovskaya, MGSC, Moscow) about the connection between genetics, culture and geography in Transoxiana, a historical region of Central Asia. Its name in Latin means ?beyond the Oxus? (Oxus is an early name for the Amu Darya); in Arabic the region is called Maverannahr.

Transoxiana covers the territories of southern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, western Kyrgyzstan and northeastern Turkmenistan. The geographical landscape of the region is represented by the basins of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, and the deserts separating them, and the foothills. Populations of different peoples studied in the article are densely settled along the rivers and in the foothills: Dungans, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Uzbeks, differing in economic and cultural type: some are farmers, others are pastoralists. The following main milestones stand out in the history of the region: the development of ancient cultures of farmers and nomadic pastoralists, the influence of the Western Asian empires, the emergence of Turkic-speaking tribes, then the influence of the Arabs and later the Mongols. The diversity and vivid originality of the peoples, culture and natural conditions of Transoxiana allows us to use this region as a model for identifying the connection between genetic, cultural and geographical landscapes.

So the main goal of the work is to study the genetic landscape of Transoxiana and its connection with geography and culture. A related task: to determine the impact on the gene pool of the last two major expansions - the Arabs and the Mongols: were these population migrations or just cultural influences?

Genetic landscape of Transoxiana.

More than half of the Y-chromosomal gene pool of the Transoxiana population falls into three haplogroups: C2-M217 (31%), R1a1a-M198 (16%), Q-M242 (13%). But in different geographical populations these haplogroups are distributed very unevenly. Haplogroup C2-M217 makes up almost two-thirds of the gene pool of southern Kazakhs (61-62%). Haplogroup R1a1a-M198 is often found among Uzbeks (21-29%), as well as in one of the Kazakh populations (28%) and among the Dungans (19%). Haplogroup Q-M242 makes up more than two-thirds of the gene pool of the Turkmens of Karakalpakstan (73%). In tribal groups, the accumulation of individual haplogroups is even more pronounced: C2-M217(xM48) in the Kazakh Konyrat tribe (88%), C2b1a2-M48 in the Kazakh Alimuly clan (75%), Q-M242 in the Turkmen Yomud tribe (71%).

Transoxiana in the genetic space of Asia.

The studied populations were compared with 69 other Asian populations. The multidimensional scaling graph revealed clusters of populations according to the geographic regions of Asia. At the same time, the agricultural populations of Uzbeks and Tajiks are genetically distant from the majority of nomadic populations (Kazakhs, Mongols, Hazaras). Turkmen populations from three different countries surrounding Turkmenistan have formed their own cluster. The Dungans of Uzbekistan turned out to be genetically closer to the populations of China, and not to the neighboring populations of the Uzbeks, in full accordance with their historically recent migration from China and the preservation of the language of the Sino-Tibetan family.

What is more important for the gene pool: geography or culture?

To clarify the main factors that formed the structure of the Transoxiana gene pool, we studied genetic differences between populations using the AMOVA method, combining the same populations in one case - by belonging to a particular geographical landscape, and in the other case - by their culture (farmers or pastoralists) . It turned out that the geographical landscape of Transoxiana, despite its contrast (deserts and fertile river basins, foothills and lowlands), does not have a direct impact on the genetic landscape. The main role in structuring the gene pool is played by the economic and cultural type: the division into farmers and nomadic pastoralists. This conclusion was also confirmed by the Mantel test, which showed that the genetic distances between the populations of Transoxiana, unlike most other regions of the world, weakly correlate with the geographical distances between them.

Movement of culture or population?

To identify traces of demic expansions (population migrations), modal (most common) STR haplotypes were identified in Transoxiana populations (α, σ, μ, δ). For each modal haplotype, related haplotypes were found in a database (Y-base), including 4495 Y-STR haplotypes of the Asian population, and then phylogenetic networks were built for them.

Each of the modal haplotypes forms its own cluster, acting as a founder haplotype. Cluster α is 600?200 years old and unites haplotypes most often found in the Kazakh Alimul clan. Cluster β haplotypes are common among Mongols and Mongol-speaking Kalmyks. Since cluster β (800?200 years) is ?older? than cluster α, this indicates gene flow from the territory of Mongolia to Transoxiana, and not vice versa.

The age of the cluster σ (1100?400 years) indicates early migration from Mongolia and subsequent expansion, the modern trace of which is the high frequency of haplotypes of this cluster in the Kazakh tribe Konyrat (Kongirats - Darlekin Mongols). Cluster haplotypes predominate among Mongolian-speaking Kalmyks and are found in Mongolia.

Modal haplotype-3 completely coincides with the famous ?star-cluster?, usually associated with Genghis Khan and his relatives [Zerjal et al., 2003] (C3* star-cluster). The nature of the distribution of haplotypes of the μ cluster (Kerei, Uysun, etc.) suggested that modal haplotype-3 was a ?proto-Mongol haplotype? inherited by Genghis Khan, as well as his descendants and other paternal relatives. Within the cluster there is a subcluster λ (400?100 years), specific for Hazaras from different countries.

Modal haplotype-4 forms cluster δ, which includes mainly the Turkmens of Afghanistan and Karakalpakstan (for the Turkmens of Iran there is no necessary data on haplotypes). The age of the cluster is 1400?500 years.

These results indicate that three of the four expansion signals in Transoxiana are associated with populations from Mongolia. However, such a successful demic expansion was not accompanied by a cultural one (change of language or religion), since most of the populations of Transoxiana speak Turkic, not Mongolian, languages ​​and belong to the same religion.

In search of Arab ancestors.

The spread of Islam by the Arabs is one of the most powerful cultural expansions in Western, South and Central Asia. There is ethnographic and genealogical information not only about the cultural, but also about the demographic trace of the Arabs in Transoxiana. For example, it is believed that the Kazakh clans Kozha and Sunak descend from close relatives of the Prophet Muhammad in the male line.

These clans were examined in detail for the presence of a common ancestor. Y-chromosomal haplotypes of the main genealogical lines of Kohna and Sunak (M. Hanafia, Abu Bakr, Ali, Umar) are presented on the phylogenetic network.

In the figure we see a large number of unrelated single haplotypes, sometimes forming mini-clusters with a maximum age of 600?200 years. Thus, unlike most Transoxiana clans, the Kozha and Sunak clans do not trace their origins to a single founder.

This result shows that the genealogy of the steppe clergy was based not on biological kinship, but on the spiritual heritage from teacher to student, the so-called ?silsila?. This chain consisted of teachers who taught Islam to the subsequent leader of the Sufi order. The age of the mini-clusters coincides with the adoption of Islam as the state religion in the Golden Horde and the growth of the social status of the Kozha and Sunak clans. This probably contributed to the transition to the connection of spiritual heritage with biological genealogy - with the aim of maintaining a privileged social status within the kin group.

Conclusions.

Thus, these two most important expansions in the history of Transoxiana had different effects on the gene pool of its population. The cultural expansion of the Arabs, which spread Islam, did not leave a significant mark on the gene pool. The expansion of the Mongols, on the contrary, left a powerful mark on the gene pool, but was not reflected in two such important manifestations of culture as language and confession.

But the main conclusion of the work is that the gene pool of Transoxiana, unlike most regions of the world, is determined not by geographical distances and landscape, but by the characteristics of economic and cultural activities (farming or cattle breeding).

http://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/?page_id=27258&cpage=1#comment-7803
Once upon a time, Portugal, like many other countries in Europe, was a pagan country that worshiped many gods.

This was a time before the widespread spread of Christianity, when the polytheistic religions of the Romans, Greeks, Pre-Romans and Mithraism still existed on the continent. Although much of the history of pre-Roman Portugallost, it is known that many pagan gods and beliefs entered the mythology of the Romans and Greeks.

The painting is believed to depict the place of worship of Endovelius, the god of the underworld, wealth and the afterlife on the Iberian Peninsula. Endovelicus was later included in Roman mythology as Pluto or Serapis. However, this information is not 100% accurate as the language of pre-Roman Portugal has been lost and the data is based on accounts from Roman and Greek historians of the region.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endovelicus
https://vk.com/wall-151796831_127160

-Pagan means not abrahamic or religions developed between 900-700 BCE"                                                                                 -Isralites" came only in Palestine 1200 BCE together with Philistians,  https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philistine-people when Palestinians were already there as decendants of Canaanites who lived there for 1000;s of years                                                                        - jewish bible depicts history from about 4200 BCE while invented around 700 BCE so most is plagerised from older/other civiliaztions and religions

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https://books.google.nl/books?id=oFJdAAAAcAAJ&source=gbs_similarbooks
pdf-
https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QacZ2MwUtz-LP62fnApXQXqGNKbd8fv1VyJ8LvuTOvirzfSeaMag0RXv5Dg_C8WN7STv6XA58_W5SrEze_rMPgFyN5PD6RewBRShe7rOZqBSHMwmfqXQ1-EDbvQ_hi5TRiyw9K0bwVxoUgyL0iFuZ-m95f6N6sPFv_WWdQxb5SvrZTqsiheyODF9okvHHqFZdnAewUZUaf2q83cFzeRPVn9qrWUos1MKrx2QFnhsBDVU3ohhwipEDnfy3GvB38xYfnn9d7MmLmQ0uX6nFt5nFjT4n6llKvOud-ymBP9hYSumF3qtxqA

Die Kirchen- und Staats-Satzungen bez?glich des griechisch-katholischen Ritus der Ruthenen in Galizien
Front Cover
Michael von Malinowski
Druckerei des Stauropigianischen Instituts, 1861 - Catholic Church - 890 pages

it's on pages 847-877...will not be easy to translate


https://twitter.com/DevanaUkraine/status/1734139124146192496
How Ukrainians saved Europe, losing their own independence. Historical document.

P.S. Ukrainians used to be called rusyn from the word Rus. Even now you can see streets in Ukraine, Poland named after this word, referring to Ukraine. Russia at that time either did not exist, or it was called Muscovy and the citizenship was Muscovites. But online translators very often translate these words as Russian, so keep in mind that we are not talking about Russians, but about Ukrainians.

842 begin, 844 over russen


Molodin V.I., Kobeleva L.S., Pozdnyakov D.V., Durakov I.A., Trapezov R.O., Pilipenko A.S., Cherdantsev S.V. MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH OF THE VAKHRUSHEVO-1 GROUND IN THE NOVOSIBIRSK PRIOB (ARCHEOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, PALEOGENETICS) // Ural Historical Bulletin. Institute of History and Archeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. No. 4 (81). 2023. pp. 164-176. Key words: Western Siberia, Andronovo (Fedorovka) culture, burial practice, burial, anthropology, paleogenetics. The article is freely available for downloading at the link: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_54949078_164129.. #anthropology #genetics #Indo-Europeans


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NeQjdrBY0sk
Ukrainians Speak Out About Russians
they WERE brothers to us


https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3243254/why-us-needs-get-ukraine-swallow-truce-russia?firstTimeRegister=true

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https://twitter.com/DecodingTrolls/status/1736793760007098591

️My task to promote understanding of Ukraine as the original source of ALL Indo-European culture.
https://www.decodingtrolls.net/p/ukraine-origin-for-olympic-olive
https://www.decodingtrolls.net/p/what-that-exploded-dam-reveals-about
https://www.decodingtrolls.net/p/ancient-ukrainian-invasions-of-england
https://www.powerofmana.net/p/who-was-menua

Old calendar

The names of the months in most European languages have been preserved from the Roman calendar, but not from the Julian calendar, but from an even earlier one. Before the introduction of the Julian calendar by Caesar in 45 BC, the Roman year, the so-called Romulan year, was divided into 10 months, the first of which was March, the month dedicated to the legendary father of Romulus and Remus - the god Mars and therefore bearing his name.

Memory that it is the ?month of Mars? was the first month of the year, can be found in the names of such months as September (from "septem" - seven), October ("octo" - eight), November ("novem" - nine) and December ("decem" - ten).

When they destroyed the most convenient Slavic calendar, proposing the Julian calendar, they did not change the already familiar names of the months, but simply added two months before March, dedicating the first to Janus - the god of all beginnings.
https://vk.com/wall-151796831_132068

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Did you know that in the USSR among the banned books was "History" of Herodotus?
This book was removed from civil circulation and could not be bought in a bookstore. A famous historian-skiphologist prof. told me about it. Olkhovsky, whom we met 2 years ago. And that's why this book was banned in "sovk?", I only understood when I bought it and read it.
It turns out Herodotus was a descendant of the North Black Sea. He was in cities such as Olvia (this is Mykolaiv region, Ochakov district), and in the city of Gelon (now Belsk, Kharkiv region). ). In the book of Herodotus described how the sk?phi broke the 250-thousand army of the Persian king Darius. And much more interesting - how the Scythians beat the invaders, how they raided Scythia, lured the enemy deep into the territory, and then destroyed him. Ukrainians are descendants of the same sk?f?v, and Ukrainian women are amazonski who are also ready to give a cut to any enemy-conqueror. Few people know that, for example, the Amazons together with the Achilles mermaids took an active part in the Trojan War. And that Achilles himself is buried on the Snake Island. Maybe because of this island there is such a constant battle.
Who hasn't read "History" of Herodotus - I highly advise you to read. To understand who we are, whose descendants we are. Do slaves from the swamps think that they are capable, and will be able to, defeat free Ukrainians - descendants of Skifs, Sarmats, Zaporizhia Cossacks?
The Ukrainian people will defeat the zagarbnik?v-supostat?v, the rush from Muscovy, in any weather! Think about who you are, who we are. And whose descendants we are. Don't bring shame to your tribe. Keep fighting! And never give up! Ukraine will defeat Russia and its invasion. It's just a matter of time. And let it be 🔥🔥🔥 Moscow!
Text by Oleg Veremiyenko.
https://www.facebook.com/groups/445871070583511/?multi_permalinks=896650882172192&hoisted_section_header_type=recently_seen

History of Herodotus
by Herodotus, 480? BC-420? BC

https://archive.org/details/thehistoryofhero02456gut  2
https://archive.org/details/thehistoryofhero02707gut  1

https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503134/page/n5/mode/2up


https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2312962120
Isotopes prove advanced, integral crop production, and stockbreeding strategies nourished Trypillia mega-populations


Ben Wallace to "Show Gratitude" to Ukraine for inventing English/Germanic language.

Ancient Ukraine is the ultimate source of every one of these migrations since 2,450 BCE into England, as well as the cultural transformations, and genetic upgrades engendered by such "Ukrainian Small Boat People."

We know this, obviously, because Ancient Ukrainian (Proto-Indo-European) is the base language for the pre-Gaulish, Celtic (Pretenic), Latin, Germanic, and French languages spoken in England since 2,500 BCE.

Very recent advances in molecular biology, as published in peer-reviewed journals, now confirm the western Steppe ancestry of all of these immigrants. Since 2015 Bronze Age samples of ancient DNA that exhibit the Bronze Age-associated Y chromosome lineage R1b-M269 has been strongly linked with Steppe incursion into Central Europe (Nature, 2015).

The First Ancient Ukrainians on the island of Britain:

"The arrival of people on the island of Britain associated with the Beaker complex precipitated a demographic transformation in Britain, exemplified by the presence of individuals with large amounts of steppe-related ancestry after 2,450 BC... the long-term demographic effect was clearly substantial, as the pervasive steppe-related ancestry observed during the Beaker period, which was absent in the Neolithic period, persisted during the Bronze Age?and indeed remains predominant in Britain today...

"From around 2,450 BC... substantial migration into Britain (minimum 90% ancestry from the new migrants) coinciding with the spread of Bell Beaker traditions from continental Europe... ?Steppe ancestry? derived originally from people living on the Pontic?Caspian Steppe approximately 3000 BC." (Nature, 2021)

https://twitter.com/DecodingTrolls/status/1679118275622449155

[webmaster]

Vikings are remembered as some of the most brutal and fearsome warriors in history. Among them, the most terrifying and formidable of all were the elite band known as ?Berserkers.?
Berserkers were Nordic shock troops. Clad only in wolfskins or bearskins, they worked themselves into a frenzy before combat, and were famed for biting their shields and growling like animals while awaiting the battle. When the fighting began the Berserkers charged in, howling and screaming, foaming at the mouth, and seemingly oblivious to pain. During the Viking raids across northern Europe the Berserkers slaughtered indiscriminately every living thing they encountered. A Scandinavian saga describes the Berserkers as ?Odin?s bodyguard,? who ?went without armor, were as mad as dogs and wolves, they bit their shields, were as strong as bears or oxen, they killed everybody, and neither fire nor iron bit them; this was called ?berserkergang.??
Over the centuries it has been hypothesized that the Berserkers induced their maniacal frenzies by eating poisonous or hallucinogenic mushrooms, but there is no support for this claim in the contemporary accounts. Rather, it seems more likely that they caused themselves to ?go berserk? through some sort of self-induced trance associated with their Odin-worship.
Of course, the Berserkers are the source of the modern English expression ?going berserk.?
The Berserkers in the image are overdressed. According to contemporary accounts they wore only a loincloth and an animal skin in battle.

A farmer from Roman Britain turned out to be a Sarmatian.

A man who lived two thousand years ago was born in eastern Europe and died in an English village. The authors of the new study described his long journey. During excavations before the construction of a highway in Cambridgeshire (East England) in 2017, archaeologists from the company MOLAdiscovered a single male burial from the Roman period. Nearby were the remains of a rural manor house typical of Roman Britain. Therefore, they decided that a simple British farmer was lying in a single grave.

Later, specialists from the Francis Crick Institute, Durham University and MOLA Headland Infrastructure (UK) studied in detail the remains of the alleged farmer and came to the conclusion that he was not a simple country guy at all. The results of their research were published in the journal Current Biology.
An individual with Sarmatian-related ancestry in Roman Britain
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9..

Based on the skeleton, it was determined that the man died very young: at the time of death he was 18-25 years old . Radiocarbon dating gave a fairly wide range in the time of his life - 126-228 AD, the heyday of Roman Britain. That he is buried in a single grave outside the cemetery is not unique to this period: Celtic and Roman burial rites were then mixed.

The researchers then extracted and analyzed the DNA. The result was unexpected: genetically this person was in no way connected with the Romano-British population. The ancestors partly came from the Caucasus, but the main part of its genome is Sarmatian.

Sarmatians are a group of Iranian-speaking nomadic tribes. It is believed that Herodotus was the first to write about them in his History in the 5th century BC. True, there he calls them ?Sauromatians?: ?If you cross the Tanais River (modern Don), then there is no longer Scythian land, but the region of the Sauromatians.?

The Sarmatians did not remain peaceful neighbors of the Scythians for long, and by the 3rd century BC they had crossed the Don, conquered Scythia and settled throughout the northern Black Sea region. At the beginning of our era, the Sarmatians came closer and closer to the ever-expanding Roman borders. The result of the meeting between nomads and the empire was the Marcomannic War.

In 166, the Germanic and Sarmatian tribes, believing that Rome was weak after the Parthian War, crossed the eastern border of the empire. They reached Italy, plundering everything they could get their hands on along the way. Only in 169 did Emperor Marcus Aurelius stop them, then managed to replenish the broken legions (at that time this was no longer easy) and celebrated a triumph in 176.

At the same time, in 176, the emperor recruited, according to Cassius Dio, 5,500 horsemen from the Sarmatians, whom he sent to serve in the Roman legions stationed in Britain. It is known that they served along Hadrian's Wall, and some Sarmatian artifacts were found in the north-west of England.

It would be logical to assume that the young man who became the subject of the study is just one of these warriors. But it is completely unclear how he ended up in a rural estate in East Anglia, where there were no legions then.

The authors analyzed stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, strontium and oxygen from the man's teeth to understand the environment in which he grew up and how his diet changed throughout his life. It turned out that until he was five or six years old, he ate plants such as millet and sorghum, which at that time were found mainly in the arid regions of eastern Europe.

Scientists also noted some features of the development of teeth and bones, associated, in their opinion, with the fact that the boy was severely malnourished. And when he was about nine years old, his diet changed. The diet became more similar to that of the inhabitants of Southeastern and Central Europe. The last change in diet was noted at about age 13, when he arrived in Britain.

At that age, he was hardly a warrior, but rather a member of the family. But it is unclear why he did not become one when he grew up. The latter can be judged by the burial place. Legionnaires and soldiers from auxiliary units were not buried in single graves in rural areas. They were buried in city or legionary cemeteries where they were stationed.

The cause of the young man's death is unclear. There are no signs of violence on the bones. It can be assumed that due to nutritional problems in childhood, he did not grow up healthy enough to serve on the northern border and moved to the countryside.

Source: https://naked-science.ru/

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Ukrainian Christmas

In Ukraine, Christmas, like most other Christian holidays, originated from paganism. Knyaz Volodymyr the Great introduced Christianity with rather harsh methods, so people resisted the changes. To make it easier for people to accept the new religion, all pagan holidays were transformed into Christian ones. That is why I will describe first the pagan history and then the Christian customs that have survived to our times.

Birth of the sun

Christmas is the first of the New Year holidays in paganism, the holiday of the birth of the Universe.  The very rites and rituals of Christmas testify to its ancient cosmogonic essence. Thus, for the preparation of the festive dinner, 12 logs were taken, which were sacrificed to 12 constellations of the zodiac, 12 sacred dishes were prepared: kutia with honey, uzvar, dumplings, stuffed cabbage rolls, fish, potatoes with crushed garlic, peas with butter and garlic, barley porridge with butter or honey, millet porridge, boiled corn, poppy seed pies, boiled beans. The fact that the list of dishes includes cereals of ancient origin indicates that Christmas dinner is a sacrificial meal in honor of Koliada.  It is interesting that the 12 sacred nights of the creation of the universe also correspond to the number of constellations of the zodiac, and the fact that the owner of the house, according to the custom, went out into the yard and rotated clockwise on the spot, or walked around the house, directly indicates the imitation of the apparent movement of the sun through the constellations. A sheaf of rye or wheat, Didukh, was placed at the corner of the house. On the eve of the holiday, or just before the Holy Dinner, a plow was brought in and placed under the festive table, or near the sheaf.  The meaning of pagan Christmas was the birth of the baby Sun.

Kolyada is a Slavic deity, the personification of the New Year cycle.  The Koliada holiday is identified with the evening and night before Christmas, which fall on December 24-25. The main pagan actions of the holiday in Ukrainians are bringing a decorated sheaf - didukh - into the house, usually performed by the owner and his son, and a joint family dinner, "Holy Supper". Its main dish is "rich kutia", which is part of a set of 12 lean dishes. Fire for cooking on Koliada was originally obtained by rubbing wood against wood - the so-called "live fire". Traditionally, the celebration could be accompanied by magical actions designed to attract prosperity to the house and prevent troubles in the next year: shaking hay, hammering holes in benches, imitating the sounds of cattle, poultry, bees. That evening, the cattle had to be fed, combed and left in the barn with a cup with "saints": coals and holy water.

The next day caroling began, first the youngest children went to sing carols to relatives, then the older ones went to strangers. The exception was the boys "polaznyky", who caroled until sunrise and personified good spirits. The hosts would receive carolers and thank them with gifts. There are separate varieties of carols for children and adults. Caroling could be accompanied by dressing up as a horse, goat, cow, bear and other animals that embodied fertility. In modern Slavic paganism, Koliada received the status of the god of the winter sun, who is responsible for the implementation of the annual cycle of the "Svarog circle". In this context, the name Kolyada is sometimes interpreted as the basis for the word "calendar" ("Kolyady's gift")

According to the beliefs of our ancestors, the night of Christmas activated the forces of chaos, any evil that could prevent the maturation of the light force. Therefore, carolers put on masks so that the evil forces did not recognize them, went from house to house and sang majestic songs of Koliada, driving away the dark evil spirits. These magical scares and glorification are called carols, they preserve the essence of the ideas about the renewal of the world, and the process of caroling is an imitation of the cosmic act of the sun birth. Koliadnyky personify the ancestors of the family, the soothsayers of enlightenment, so the ritual kutia, which is intended for both the dead and the living, is a sacrifice with which you can overcome the dark forces.  Carols and carols also glorify the triune essence of the Universe - the sun, the moon, the fine rain (fire, earth, water) and the creation of life. According to the Proto-Slavic thinking, the world was created as follows: there was neither heaven nor earth, only the blue sea, "and in the middle of the sea a blue sycamore tree" - the tree of life. There are three birds on the tree (falcon, dove, rooster), they go down to the bottom of the sea. Each of them carries a particle of sand from which the black earth, the clear sky, the clear moon are created. Man could not imagine the creation of something other than through growth, so the tree appears as the basis of life. Birds symbolize one of the factors of life force, which was personified by the sun, moon, stars, later the concept of the soul appeared, and before that there was an abstract concept of the aggregate light Sura, which is very close to Ora - the energy of light, space, etc. Elements of cosmogonic ideas of Ukrainians are clearly traced on the example of ancient carols.

According to the cosmology of the pagans, the creation of the universe was associated with the moment when the daylight begins to increase. Another symbol of Ukrainian Christmas is didukh. This is one of the elements of the pagan cult. Didukh - simultaneously symbolizes the connection with ancestors, ancestors, great-grandfathers and symbolizes the hope for a happy and prosperous future. Didukh was traditionally made from the last sheaf of the last harvest, "transferring" the spirit of grain in it, which should be reborn in the new year.

As soon as the first star appears in the sky, the whole family sits down at the table, which is called rich because it should have twelve different dishes. Hence the name "Rich Kutia" or "Rich Christmas Eve". There must be kutia on the table - it is the main ceremonial food. It is made of wheat or barley grains. Malt is added to the boiled grain. The rite of bringing kutia, which is usually carried by the hostess, deserves special attention. The pot with kutia is put on the corner in the tabernacle, which is made of the most fragrant hay. The pot is covered with bread and a pinch of salt.

The first to sit down at the Christmas Eve table, as it should be, is the owner, followed by other family members. During the festive dinner they try not to leave the table, they talk quietly. Standing up, the head of the family offers to remember the ancestors and invite them to the Christmas Eve. It is believed that it is at this time that all the ancestors should come to the house, and therefore for them make room on the benches, beds, chairs, put dishes for the night and put spoons. Following the host, all those present say a prayer addressed to those who got lost in the forest, drowned in the sea or did not return from a long journey or war. The next prayer is said to all living family members. They wish them health and happiness, wish them to wait for the next Christmas together and in harmony. After that, the owner takes a candle and a bowl with kutia and, bowing to the four corners, passes the dish to his wife. Each of those present had to eat three spoons of kutia.

Then a little bit from each dish is taken into a large bowl, the owner takes it to the cattle, giving them a taste of the "holy dinner" and blessing them with bread. To protect the yard from evil forces, the owner, alone or with the whole family, with the newly made bread, poppy seeds, honey and water, goes around his farm, smoking incense. Sometimes instead of going around, the owner turns counterclockwise with the bread. Barns and stables are sprinkled with poppy seeds so that witches do not start thinning them, and at the end of the round the threshold of the barn or stable is chopped down so that the enemy force does not cross it. After that, a spell of evil forces is performed: the hostess pours a little bit of all dishes into a half-bowl, puts a loaf, a glass of honey, a glass of water, nuts and apples on top. The host takes a half-bowl in one hand, a whip or an axe in the other and goes to call the "guests".

After the holidays, part of the hay is given to the cattle, and the rest is kept for the huts, where chickens should lay or hatch. After dinner, children have to take the ceremonial food to their relatives, grandparents. Mothers put more knysh and kalachi, sometimes candy, in the kutia.

Some rituals, common for the whole Ukraine, have regional differences, for example, in some areas after dinner children take kutia to relatives, in others wealthy owners take dinner to the poor. Similarly, caroling begins at different times: right on Christmas Eve or the first evening of Christmas. Children and youth groups carol, such groups are led by a "bereza", there is also a "voter" - treasurer, "mikhonosha" - a gift carrier, "star-bearer" - a guy who wears a traditional octagonal star with a candle and bells.  Then children go to the windows to ask to carol, and after receiving permission, they carol to all family members on request. The owners treat children with apples, nuts, sweets and other delicacies, give money. The carolers are treated, they sing carols for all family members, and it all ends with a wreath. However, in some regions of Ukraine, on the contrary, they start with wreaths.

Rituals of caroling may have variants, but their meaning remains the same - honoring of the hosts and gift giving to carolers, who symbolize the messengers of the kingdom of the dead, it is not for nothing that traditionally carolers hush their voices and smear their faces with soot, wear masks, etc.

Koliada is the God of the Winter Sun, who turns the Svarozhe Circle to Spring. The Gustyn Chronicle is perhaps the only written source that refers to Koliada as God. The word Koliada has many meanings: Holy Evening, a rite of glorification on Christmas, the song itself, a reward for caroling, a Christmas gift. Modern linguistics connects the meaning of the word "koliada" with "circle", as well as Latin calendae - calendar, Christmas holidays, etc. But in folklore, there is also a female figure - the Goddess Koliada - not only as the personification of the holiday, but also as the Mother Goddess, who gives birth to the son of the God Koliada, that is, the young winter sun. In the Western Slavs there is a holiday of Bozhycha (Christmas), which is baked "Bozhycha loaf". We can judge about the theistic features of Koliada as the Most High God from the texts of some Slavic carols.Kolo - possibly from kolo - the sun, as well as the sky (similar to the Greek polos - axis, pole, sky, rotation; cf. Slavic Svarga - heavenly circle).

The birth of Jesus

In Christianity, almost all customs were converted to Christianity.

Ukrainians have always celebrated Christmas on December 25, but during the Russian occupation, Russia changed the date for us. Today is the first year that we returned to the previous and more native and logical date for us.

Traditionally, Christmas in Ukraine is preceded by a 40-day fast. Since the last day before the fast falls on the day of memory of the Holy Apostle Philip, the fast is called Pylypivka. The purpose of fasting is to physically and spiritually purify oneself through repentance, prayer, and abstinence from sinful excesses.

According to Ukrainian folk traditions, on the eve of Christmas, it was necessary to clean the house, renew household tools, stock up on everything necessary to survive the winter: firewood, linen, flour, honey, etc. Christianity imposed the tradition of decorating icons with new or clean towels and potions for Christmas.

The evening of December 24  is called the Holy Evening or Christmas Eve. The night from 24 to 25 January is called Koliada.

The Holy Supper is the central tradition of the Holy Evening. For dinner, 12 lean dishes are prepared. The 12 dishes symbolize the 12 apostles of Jesus or the 12 months of the year.  Chief among them is "rich kutia" - boiled wheat or barley with honey and other vegetable ingredients. "Rich kutia" originally had a magical meaning - to testify to the wealth of the household and serve as a symbolic sacrifice to the god Veles, so that he would give a bountiful harvest next year. In Christianity, kutia remained the main dish but has no symbolism.

Another pagan custom migrated to Christianity. Ukrainians on Christmas Eve invited home all travelers, the poor and did not refuse anyone who came home. After dinner, caroling begins - solemn and congratulatory songs with wishes of well-being to the hosts and the message of the birth of Christ. Some carols remained the same, just replaced some words to praise Jesus. It is also believed that on the night between Christmas Eve and Christmas Day the dead ancestors come, so Ukrainians always leave a plate for them. Also in the villages there is a custom with didukh - a sheaf of harvest, which was solemnly brought into the house before dinner. In the city this tradition does not exist because of the difficulty to get a sheaf for the appartments

Family members who went to the night church service greeted those who stayed at home on Christmas morning, followed by a joint prayer and breakfast. On the morning of Christmas, there is a special greeting "Christ is born!", which is answered with "Praise Him!". On this day it is customary to go to church for a festive prayer, as well as to visit relatives. As the fast ends, from December 25, it is allowed to eat meat and other hearty dishes. Christmas carolers carry with them a large star fixed on a stick and covered with gilded paper. It symbolizes the Star of Bethlehem, which pointed to the birth of Jesus Christ. In paganism, this star symbolized the sun. Visiting homes, carolers ask permission to carol, and when the owners agree, they sing carols and play comic scenes, for which the owners give the carolers sweets or money.

Christmas caroling groups were equipped mainly by boys. They chose in advance the leader, "mikhonosha", "goat", "shepherd with a fox" and so on. The "goat" was dressed in a woolen coat turned outward, straw horns, a tail and a bell were attached to his neck; in other regions there were differences, in particular, the leader was accompanied by a "gypsy", "doctor", "Jew", "death with a scythe" and so on. However, an obligatory attribute was a moving star, which was constantly worn by the leader ("Bereza"). There are separate varieties of carols for children and adults. Girls' carols stand out separately. In Polissya there are carols for cattle (oxen). Entering the yard, carolers ask for permission to carol and when the owners agree, the carolers begin the performance with funeral songs and comic scenes. The poetic texts glorify the owner, the hostess and their children, wishing them happiness and health, and for the household to have wealth and generous offspring.

Now in Ukraine, the cycle of Christmas holidays begins almost with St. Nicholas to New Year and we have else few Christmas hollydays after New Year.  In paganism it was the holiday of Melanka. Traditionally, the celebration was accompanied by a round of houses wishing people happiness, health and prosperity in the New Year. Theatrical groups also lavish money: "Melanka" and "Vasyl" and "Ryazheni" even in Christianity.

More about this holiday you can read here:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malanka

Epiphany is the third holiday of the Christmas cycle. The holiday is associated with the cult of water and the worship of Dana, as evidenced by its popular name Jordan, or Yardan - "illumination of water" in paganism. With the establishment of Christianity, it acquired a new meaning and by the consonance of the name began to be associated with the baptism of Jesus Christ in the Jordan River. On this day, Ukrainians also have a Christmas Eve - very similar to Christmas. However, in Christianity on this day they bless water and sanctify their own homes and family members with water. Some people dive into an icy hole on this day, although now it is a very popular opinion that there was no such custom in Ukraine and it is not worth doing.

#ChristmasEve #Christmas2023 #Cristmas #Ukraine️
https://twitter.com/DevanaUkraine/status/1738905163237048757

[webmaster]

This document from Voltaire.net by Wayne Madsen discusses the revelation published in the Times of Israel Sunday, July 31, 2016 In the article "Leaked report: Israel acknowledges Jews in fact Khazars; Secret plan for reverse migration to Ukraine" The times reports that due to new scientific research and DNA evidence that is overwhelmingly against the 98% of Jews known as Ashkenazi. The Jews have secretly conceeded that they are infact Khazars and are now using this ancestral tie as the right to return to the shores of the black sea as a second Jewish homeland.
https://www.scribd.com/document/319753865/Israels-Secret-Plan-for-a-Second-Israel-in-Ukraine
https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/leaked-report-israel-acknowledges-jews-in-fact-khazars-secret-plan-for-reverse-migration-to-ukraine/


I wrote a work on the Genetic Origin of the Nations (No. 265) at http://www.ccg.org/english/s/p265.html
I showed that the Ashkenazi Jews were R1a Khazars and that 52 % of all Ashekenazi Levites were R1a Khazars also.  Less that 28% of all Jews are even Semites and many are Edomites and Arab converts.  Over 25% of all European Jews are Hamitic North African or Canaanites. It may be that only 10% are actually from Judah or the other tribes.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TmC1X-R4aEk
religion comes from sun worship and ancient astrology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TmC1X-R4aEk&list=PLarj2-qKoqrjd6KbrAEVBNJhV2PCkpzN5&index=3

[webmaster]

👑 Yaroslav the Wise by the covenant divided the state between sons:
📌 Iziaslav received Kyiv Turiv, Novgorod and Pskov;
📌 Svyatoslav - Chernihiv, Murom, Tmutarakan;
📌 Vsevolod - Pereyaslav and Rostov;
📌 Igor - Vladimir-Volynsky;
📌 Vyacheslav - Smolensk.
The year 1054. No one was assigned to Moscow. Because she just hasn't been there yet.


https://vk.com/wall-43747253_125583
ANCIENT Rus' | STORY
20 Dec at 10:07 pm
#life
In the ancient times of hoary antiquity,
Among the pristine deaf beauty,
Immaculate forests, and virgin dreams,
The tales are beautiful, in them the ancient Russians
found shelter in the age-old struggle,
Fierce neighbors disturbing the peace.

Sometimes, making dashing raids,
bears tormented their prey like boars,
sometimes they themselves drowned unexpectedly,
from cruel revenge in fatal blood.

There the ancient elders were friends with the gods,
In bear dens they served them with truth, -
Impassable swamps, a rotting swamp,
Caressed the flesh of the tormented sufferers.

Where, in the thicket of oak trees, the firmament was propped up,
Hermits found supreme peace,
Serving Perun and the pagan gods,
Their souls were like thunderclouds.

The gods come to them through dreams of the night,
Forest bears guard their abode,
Their tongue conceals clairvoyant fate, -
The mighty East is heavy and dangerous.

The frail old man throws wood chips into the flames,
the grass-talker speaks poison,
the hemp smokes with a sweetish haze,
and God?s chosen one is detached in soul.

The entire essence in space will flicker and melt,
Centuries flow like a river before him,
He sees the sovereign flourishing and end,
A fortune teller, a learned monk.

Yuri Galkin

[webmaster]

https://twitter.com/DevanaUkraine/status/1740208216359710934
The collapse of Russia

Did you know that Russia is not a country, but a federation, which even in the Russian constitution is explained as a collection of several states that were actually occupied? Therefore, talk about the disintegration of Russia into small states makes real sense. Moreover, even the armies of these countries are now fighting as part of the Ukrainian army for the freedom of their own states against Russia.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Territorial_Expansion_of_Russia.svg  since 1300

In addition to the ethnic territories of Ukraine, which occupy several regions of eastern Russia (Bilhorod, Kuban, Kazan, etc.), the following states are occupied within Russia: Dagestan, Chechnya, Buryatia, Karelia, the Republic of Adygea, the Republic of Altai, Bashkortostan, Ingushetia , the Republic of Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmykia, the Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia, Karelia, Komi, Mari El, Mordovia, Yakutia, North Ossetia, Tatarstan, Tyva, Udmurt Republic, Khakassia, Chuvash Republic... Many of them were occupied as a result of the war already after 1991. In addition, Russia has an occupied part of Georgia (Abkhazia, Ossetia), an occupied part of Moldova (Transnistria) and an occupied part of Ukraine (Crimea and part of Donbas).

St. Petersburg is a former city of Sweden, if I am not mistaken, the North of Russia is the occupied lands of Finland, Russia also occupied the territories of China and Japan. And, if all countries signed the recognition of 1991, and Russia decided to violate the treaty and attack once again, justifying it with a certain segment of history, then don't we all together have the right to take away our lands from Russia, because they belonged to us before and give freedom to these peoples, who live under Russian occupation?

Russia also planned and even started the occupation of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tatarstan and others in a non-military way, because Russian representatives are in power there - similar to those who are now sitting in Europe and lobbying for Russian interests, betraying their own people. Since Ukraine was the brain and the main state of the USSR - Russia, after receiving Ukraine, would become extremely powerful and could wage war against all of NATO on an equal footing, so Russia had plans to capture Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland as a first step. And Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania, Moldova, Bulgaria and Georgia as a second step. That is why Russia needs Russian politicians there who would support pro-Russian sentiments in society and prepare everything for the occupation. After the occupation of all Slavic states, Russia planned to capture all of Europe, and then Asia. Communist China, North Korea - they are like dictator brothers for Russia. Perhaps there would not be a war, but a poisonous dictator and a new leader - a puppet of the Kremlin, who would unite the countries without war. And after that the war against the USA, if not before.

Everyone who knows Russia understands this. Ask the politicians of the Baltic states, ask the Slavic states, ask the Caucasian states. And even look at Russia's allies - Kazakhstan is starting to go against Russia, even though it cannot, Lukashenko gave signals that he is against Russia and is a hostage of Putin and cannot decide anything, he is being forced. Armenia withdrew from the alliance with Russia in time after Russia showed that it could not support its allies. Yes, Russia failed to capture Ukraine and Ukraine is giving a powerful fight to Russia, destroying Russian military potential, but what would happen if Russia could? The war would already be at your home. 2024 will definitely be the last year in this war, because Ukraine will not last much longer. It is necessary to win this year and do everything for it, give the maximum already. Do not plan a war 5 years ahead, but think how to win already! And I will repeat again that peace negotiations are not an option - there is no treaty that Russia would not violate. And peace negotiations were held in all the states that Russia attacked, including in Ukraine in 1918. Russia attacked again in the same year. And didn't Dagestan, Chechnya, and Georgia also have two wars each, because Russia lost the first, but won the second?


https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-europe/bilhorod-kyivskyi-0016436

[webmaster]

RUSSIAN - in the Ukrainian language such that refers to Russia or
Rusin to her population: the nominal difference is Rusin. Similarly, the names of neighboring nations were formed:
Moscow - Muscovite, Lithuania - Lithuanian.
Under the name "Russian people" (whose belonging), as a rule, understood the subordinates of Russia of another ethnic origin.
The word Russian should not be confused with Russian "russian", that is Russian. After all, with the language reform of King Peter I
since 1711 that's right - the Russians (Russia. Russian) - became called subjects of Muscovy - Muscovites (Muscovites) because of the newly-created Russian Empire from the Moscow Empire.
The Russian People (Latin Genus Ruthenicum) is one of the statesmen in such medieval Eastern European state formations, as the Grand Principality of Lithuania and the Rich Popolita..
In lviv city books from 1599 r. the term "Russian nation" (Natio Ruthenica) is used. Sources at the time convincingly testify that the population of Ukraine and Belarus clearly separated themselves from the Muscovites - the ancestors of modern Russians.
In the times of the cossack for ukrainians also natural and zvično? was the old name of their land - Russia, and their themselves - rusini. And all Western Europe for many centuries on the designation of Ukraine used the name "Russia".
To mark the locals of the ancient Russia, the medieval Kiev State, and the successor states: the Galician-Volyn Principality, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russian and the Grand Duky of Russian XV century. , and the Grand Principality of Russian that had to stand on the territory of Ukrainian hetmanatu,
the term ancient Russian = ancient Ukrainian.
It's not by accident that's the name of the administrative unit - Russian voivodeship.

https://www.facebook.com/inga.prog.7/posts/pfbid02Z7dzBH2ZhjFSmPXSddq4AwBvHYLFUVUQeQkJad5mBm83hLnwpW2Bk3WUPXQgqN5nl

[webmaster]

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/saving-the-apples-ancient-ancestor-in-the-forests-of-kazakhstan-180983493/.


A map illustrating the expansion of the ancient Greeks across the Aegean during the so-called Greek Dark Ages in the wake of the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization. During the 1100s BCE, fueled by a variety of factors such as population growth, political instability, as well as the Dorian invasions into northern Greece and later the Peloponnese, various Greek tribal groups embarked on waves of large-scale population movement (known as the Aeolic, Ionian, Doric, and Achaean/Arcadian migrations) across the Aegean and beyond. These new settlements became, in turn, hubs of trade, culture, and innovation, spreading the Greek language, customs, and art. Although many of the achievements of the Mycenaeans were lost or forgotten during this time, the era of migration and exploration laid the foundation for the interconnected world of the ancient Greeks, ushered in the Archaic period, the rise of the city-state or polis, and the re-establishment of an organized society.

The Scythians roamed and ruled over an astonishing 1.5 million mi? (2.4 million km?) of territory between the 7th and 3rd centuries BCE. Although building an empire was never in their interest, Scythian territorial expanse was remarkable.
While there is much debate concerning Scythian origins Herodotus claims, and most modern scholars agree: they moved [west] from Asia into Europe by way of the great steppe corridor". Considering the fluidity of movement the Central Asian steppe allows, multiple back-and-forth movements are not surprising, and multidirectional migrations make pinpointing origins difficult. It is altogether possible that, after an early pervasive expansion from the west, there were subsequent migrations from all directions. While their origin is debated, a general consensus identifies Scythian cultures to be generally comprised of four main groups: Pontic Scythians around the Black Sea; Sarmatians from the northern Caspian Sea and Don and Volga River areas, in present-day Russia; Massagetae in the desert steppe of Central Asia; and the Sakā in east Central Asia. 📣Read more about the Scythians on The World History Encyclopedia: https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1843/scythian-territorial-expanse/

https://archive.org/details/scythiansgreekss00minn/page/32/mode/1up?q=Androphagi
Scythians and Greeks : a survey of ancient history and archaeology on the north coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus
by Minns, Ellis H 720 pages


Publication date 1913

https://archive.org/details/horsewheelandlanguage The Horse, the Wheel, and Language : David W. Anthony | That's why europeans came from Ukraine-RUS https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ade2451 First bioanthropological evidence for Yamnaya horsemanship
https://archive.org/details/anthony-david-w-the-horse-the-wheel-and-language-2007 847 pages
.