Oorlog Rusland 21 juni 2015 - groeiende Verzameling Ukraine historische links

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PAGANS ON PAGANISM

Every person is a pagan when born. This is an objective truth. Simply because in order to become a Christian, one must be "baptized." In order to become a Jew or a Muslim, one must be circumcised, only at different times. In order to become a Buddhist, one must also undergo a certain initiation (acceptance of the "Three Refuges"). The only Faith (or rather, Faith as a way of life) that does not require initiation into itself is Paganism. Native Faith. Simply because every person (Buryat, Yakut, Mordvin, Lithuanian, German, Russian, Nanai - it does not matter) is born into a Family. He is already initially, simply by the fact of birth, a pagan.
In Paganism, there are initiation rites. But these are either age-related mysteries or professional ones.
Based on this, we can confidently say that Paganism as such is a natural, Innate, innate state of a person...

(Ragnar)

Paganism is not so much a religion as an ancient Natural worldview. As long as this World exists, as long as the living Sun shines and the living Earth rotates, as long as living rivers flow their waters among living mountains and plains, trees and grasses, Paganism will be alive in the depths of the soul and consciousness of every person, no matter who he is or who he considers himself to be.
Paganism is a commitment to many eternal natural views and beliefs. They differ among themselves among different peoples, but are united in the fact that Nature, Earth, Gods and the peoples who worship them (Old Russian language - "family", "tribe", pagans - "peoples") are in an inseparable mutual Kinship. This similarity of worldview is reflected in the language, speech, thinking, customs and way of life of a person, his family, family, tribe, people, society.
The Pagan worldview is based on the Pagan worldview. The pagan worldview is a consequence of the action of the uniform natural laws of the world order in the external world. Current Paganism is the heir to the Paganism of the past and differs from it only in the way of reflecting the same laws. It is new to the extent that the ways of expressing these laws are new. A person who adheres to the Pagan worldview, the Pagan worldview and acts accordingly is a pagan.

(Vlch. Iggeld, The Circle of the Child)

...One day, in the heat of some quasi-religious dispute, I suddenly stopped and thought - can I, a pagan, briefly and succinctly, without theological reflections and philosophical sophistication, formulate the foundations of my Faith. My Credo.
And suddenly I realized - yes, I can. Perhaps it is very simple precisely because Paganism - unlike all the "book religions" - is something that takes its origins somewhere in the depths of ourselves...
1) I see - I feel in myself - that Forces are active in the World that were born long before me. I love my woman; it is sweet for me to squeeze the hilt of the sword and steer the boat that I built myself, to write books that may help someone, and then hear: "Thank you...". An atheist will say that these are instincts. And I will say - that these are the Gods speaking to me. And they speak to all of us in the same way — just listen!..
2) I believe... Or rather, I feel, I know the breath of my Ancestors in my breath. I probably don't know how to explain it correctly, but when my father tells me how my grandfather fought, how beautifully my great-grandfather left, when my mother tells me how my great-grandmother talked to wolves in winter, persuading them to leave the village... I know that all of this is in me. I can admire Japanese Shinto as much as I like — the only Pagan religion of the Oikumene that has fully survived to this day — but I will never become a Shintoist — they have their Ancestors, I have mine.
3) And I love my Earth. It's like marriage: my Earth belongs to me, but I also belong to It, entirely, completely. It's very simple, and also from within, only you have to remember that "your Earth" is not only the yard in which you were born and raised, but much broader...
This, of course, is not all. It is impossible to say everything in an article or a book - precisely because the source is within, and not in some ancient revelation. But in general - something like this...

(Anton Platov, "The Ash House")

What is most important in Paganism, Native Faith?
The most important for me is expressed by three concepts: the Sun. Ancestors. Harmony.
The Sun is not only the source of Life, the Sun is the image of Righteousness. The Sun shines for all of us, without distinguishing between the great and the small, the good and the evil. When anger blinds my eyes, I turn to the Sun and remember that it sees me now.
Ancestors revive the world around me. Walking on cultivated land, I remember those from whom I inherited this world. The wisdom of the Ancestors helps to become more than yourself, to remember that the Gods are our relatives, and we are born for Eternity.
I will fill my life with Harmony. Harmony teaches me: to accept every good with joy and share it with my Kin. Not to get angry at every evil in response, but to fight it and become stronger. To live in Harmony - this is all that means: TO LIVE.

(Venerable Dobromir)

Paganism is a set of laws not made by human hands, according to which our Ancestors built their lives in harmony with Nature and commanded us to do the same. This is the Path of Prav. This is knowledge of the spirituality of the world around us.
Paganism cognizes the hidden secrets of Nature, and through this we learn to be ourselves. Paganism is the veneration of the Ancient Forces that were before us, that are and that will be. This is communication between the living and the souls of the Ancestors who have gone to Otherland, communication between people and Gods.
Pagan Faith is the true People's Soul, that which the human race lives by. This is grandfather's wisdom and father's parting words, these are grandmother's tales and mother's songs, this is Love, this is Strength and this is Truth.

(Venerable Bohumil Murin, "Triglav")

Paganism is:
1) Polytheism, which does not exclude monism (that is, the ultimate Unity);
2) Manifestationism, which differs both from vulgar pantheism and cosmism, and from the radical Gnostic disregard for the flesh and the material world;
3) The absence of primitive dualism, that is, the unconditional division of the genera of being into "good" and "evil".

(Stanislav Kamenev, moderator of the Internet community "Slavic Antiquities")

1) The unity of the Deity and its plurality in several Persons (hence the equal veneration of both the Light and Dark Gods);
2) The unity of the Material and Spiritual worlds - Yav, Prav and Nav (the material world is not "sinful" and not "mortal");
3) Man is a descendant of the Gods (and not a "slave of God"), who can (and, by the way, must) change the world.

(Andrey Vinogradov, moderator of the Internet community "Slavic Antiquities")

Kin, Kin and Kin again. Moreover, in the most material sense of the word.
1) Continuation of the Kin;
2) Development of the Kin;
3) Reconquering of living space for this very Kin.
Everything else is either derivative or added...

(Dryagoslav Berestov)
https://vk.com/wall-14839763_102416

The structure of ancient Slavic calendars differs from the accepted system of calculation.

The Slavs calculated time not in years, but in years. Hence the words "chronicle, chronicler, chronology". We ask - how many years have passed, how many years have passed, we talk about perennial plants, and we wish each other many years.

The calendar is built on a hexadecimal basis: 16 hours in a day, 16 years make up the Circle of Years, 16 Halls in the Svarog Circle. At the same time, the Slavs counted not centuries (a period of 100 years), but Circles of Life. One Circle of Life contained 144 years (16x9). This is the period during which a person must fulfill his Fate, life's purpose, and whoever did not have time, lived more than one circle. Today it sounds like science fiction, but Academician Pavlov himself claimed: "any death before 150 years is violent."

This kind of chronology has existed since at least the Paleolithic era.
And the modern metric system is decimal. And this is many steps back in relation to the one that was common for the "wild" Slavs.
https://vk.com/wall-124456841_65261

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The source of the myth about the brotherhood of Alexander Nevsky and Sartak, the son of Khan Batu

Russian-Horde contacts, which became dominant in the history of Russia in the 13th-14th centuries, as a consequence of the Western campaign of 1236-1242, led by the descendants of Genghis Khan, received extensive attention in written sources - chronicles, hagiographic literature, etc.

The new political reality in Rus', and the definition of the place of Russian principalities in it, became the object of not only close study by historical science, but also various kinds of speculation and the creation of mythologemes.

One of the most persistent myths is the twinning of the Russian prince Alexander Nevsky and the son of the first ruler of the Ulus of Jochi, Batu Sartak. In recent decades, several notes on this issue have been published in the professional community. Doctor of Historical Sciences V. A. Kuchkin called the twinning of Alexander Nevsky and Spartak "an absent event":

"Such a twinning is deduced from the statements of the geographer and ethnographer L. N. Gumilev, as if Batu made Alexander Nevsky his adopted son. In fact, not a single Russian, Eastern or Western European medieval source reports either the adoption of Alexander Nevsky by Batu, or the twinning of Alexander Nevsky with Batu's son Sartak.

Only A. A. Yugov wrote about Batu's desire to make the Russian prince his adopted son in his novel "Warriors". However, the detail invented by the 20th century writer, which is important for his artistic presentation, should not be taken as a historical fact of the 13th century."

Another historian V. L. Egorov, examining the problems of Alexander Nevsky's relations with the dynasts of the Ulus of Jochi, noted that, while in the Horde, Alexander communicated not with Khan Batu, but with his son, Sartak. The ruler of the Golden Horde himself was in Mongolia at that time, where he participated in the elections of the new tsar Munke. Not a single Russian chronicle notes any special details regarding the relationship between Alexander Yaroslavich and Sartak.

Nevertheless, L.N. Gumilev, based on the very fact of the meeting between the Russian prince and the son of the Golden Horde Khan, expressed the categorical opinion that Alexander became a brother with Sartak, "as a result of which he became the adopted son of the Khan."

Such a conclusion has no confirmation in any source and can be considered only as the author's hypothesis. Moreover, the Russian Orthodox prince could not participate in the pagan rite of fraternization, during which the blood of two participants in the ritual is mixed in a cup with kumiss and then drunk by them.

The most that Alexander could allow himself at the Khan's headquarters was to present the ruler of the Golden Horde and his entourage with rich gifts, which were always a necessary condition for the success of the mission.

Despite the categorical statements of professional researchers, the myth continues to "float" from one near-historical work to another, in connection with which it is proposed to consider the roots of this legend. Despite the established opinion to see L.N. Gumilev as the author of the myth, the history of its creation is rooted much earlier.

The Soviet writer A.K. Yugov in his dilogy "Ratobortsy", written in 1944-1948; the second part was subsequently republished in 1983 under the title "Alexander Nevsky", writes literally the following:

"Sartak was a Christian, Sartak was his sworn brother. Finally - and this was most important - the son of Batu was primarily counting on Alexander to rely on in time, if only a bloody feud arose between him and Berke over the throne, which was about to become empty."

The writer also touched upon the subject of the possible adoption of Alexander Batu: "And before all of them it will be a sign that it is you, my beloved son-in-law and named son, and no one else, who will accept my ulus after me." Thus, A.K. Yugov illuminated both sides of the mythologeme, being the first to give it the features of a political act.

Several decades later, the myth of fraternization was supported by the famous Soviet historian L.N. Gumilev, who disseminated it in a number of his books. In one of them, "Ancient Rus' and the Great Steppe," fraternization with Sartak and the adoption of Alexander Batu appears as an attempt to justify the participation of the Russian prince in bringing a detachment of Tatars led by Nevryuy to Rus'.

In the popular essay "From Rus to Russia," the above-mentioned act is designated by the author as patriotic, which ultimately formed the "Union of the Horde and Rus."

In "The Search for an Imaginary Kingdom," the idea of ��fraternization was justified by the historian as an urgent need to obtain Tatar troops from Batu to fight the Germans. Thus, the basis of the mythological plot in Gumilev's works remains unshakable, but the historian behaves extremely inconsistently when explaining the reasons.

The myth was further developed by the epigones of L.N. Gumilev. For example, the publicist S.T. Baimukhametov stated the following in one of his books: "The fact that Alexander Nevsky is the adopted son of Khan Batu has long been an axiom. That is, a position that does not require proof. It is the basis for further constructions and reasoning."

An unconfirmed hypothesis becomes almost an objective historical fact. The author attempts to substantiate what he said, for which he quotes from the life of Prince Alexander: "Prince Alexander decided to go to the Tsar in the Horde... And Tsar Batu saw him, and was amazed, and said to his nobles: "They told me the truth, that there is no prince like him."

In fairness, it should be noted that such a quote is indeed present in the work. However, S. T. Baimukhametov, obviously not believing his eyes, offered a completely different interpretation of the paragraph: "Batu could not have said such a thing. He did not say it. Most likely, Sartak said it." Let us leave such a falsification of historical facts on the author's conscience.

An attempt to revive the legend of twinning was also made in the scientific community: researcher R.A. Sokolov in his work on the twinning of Russian princes with the Mongols, while generally agreeing with the conclusions of V.L. Egorov, nevertheless noted "a feeling of some incompleteness."

The question of the myth's original source is easily resolved. At the moment, the original source is the "Ratobortsy" dilogy by A.G. Yugov, written in 1944-1948. Literary characters and artificial situations were probably created with the specific purpose of emphasizing the importance of Russian princes among the khans of the Ulus of Jochi.

Based on materials from: Egorov V.L. Alexander Nevsky and the Genghisids.
https://vk.com/wall-110942671_507628

The Blue-Eyed Ice Age Child: A Glimpse into Our Ancestral Past
In a groundbreaking discovery, scientists have uncovered the earliest known evidence of blue eyes in humans, found in the remains of a child who lived approximately 17,000 years ago in southern Italy. This revelation offers profound insights into the genetic makeup and physical characteristics of our ancient ancestors.
The child's skeletal remains were discovered in 1998 within the Grotta delle Mura cave in Monopoli, Puglia. Radiocarbon dating places the child's age at death between 7.5 and 18 months. Genetic analyses have revealed that the child likely had blue eyes, dark skin, and curly dark-brown hair, challenging previous assumptions about the prevalence of blue eyes in ancient populations.
Remarkably, this discovery predates other known instances of blue eyes in ancient humans by several millennia. The presence of blue eyes in this child suggests that the genetic mutation responsible for this trait occurred much earlier than previously thought.
The burial site, devoid of grave goods, indicates a simple yet meaningful ritual. The careful placement of the child under rock slabs suggests a deep emotional connection and respect for the deceased, offering a glimpse into the social and cultural practices of Ice Age communities.
Strange Fact: Despite the child's blue eyes, dark skin, and curly hair, such a combination is rare in modern populations but was common among Western hunter-gatherers during the Upper Paleolithic period.
https://www.facebook.com/prehistoricworld/posts/pfbid02X9kPu3MqmFL5587z4vLbTykWVy7Z7n5Y4kSmwM5TZJpsQBMf4xkhC9btXBNqfWatl

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Fascism is very simple

If you suddenly "realized" that only your people are worthy of all the benefits, and all the other peoples around you are second-class, congratulations: you have taken your first step into fascism.

Then it dawns on you that your people will achieve their lofty goals only when an iron order is established and the mouths of all these shouters and scribblers who talk about freedoms are shut; when they put up against the wall (without trial or investigation) all who go against it, and the foreigners are mercilessly taken to the nail... And as soon as you have accepted all this, the process is complete: you are already a fascist.

You are not wearing a black uniform with a swastika. You do not have the habit of shouting "Heil!" All your life you have been proud of our country's victory over fascism and perhaps even personally brought this victory closer. But you allowed yourself to join the ranks of the fighters for the dictatorship of nationalists - and you are already a fascist. How simple! How terribly simple.

And don't say now that you are not an evil person at all, that you are against the suffering of innocent people (only the enemies of order should be put up against the wall, and only the enemies of order should end up behind barbed wire), that you yourself have children and grandchildren, that you are against war... All this no longer matters, once you have accepted the Communion of the Buffalo.

The road of history has long been well-trodden, the logic of history is merciless, and as soon as your Fuhrers come to power, a well-oiled conveyor belt will start working: elimination of dissenters – suppression of inevitable protest – concentration camps, gallows – decline of the peaceful economy – militarization – war... And if you, having come to your senses, want at some point to stop this terrible conveyor belt, you will be mercilessly destroyed, like the very last democrat-internationalist.

Your banners will not be red-brown, but, for example, black-orange. At your meetings you will shout not "Heil", but, say, "Glory!" You will not have Sturmbannführers, but some Yesaul-brigadiers, but the essence of fascism - the dictatorship of the Nazis - will remain, and therefore lies, blood, war - now, perhaps, nuclear - will remain.

We live in dangerous times. The plague is in our home. It primarily affects the insulted and humiliated, and there are so many of them now.

Is it possible to turn back history? Probably, it is possible – if millions want it. So let's not want it. After all, a lot depends on us. Not everything, of course, but a lot.

Boris Strugatsky

1995 year

https://vk.com/wall168713492_239382

Tatiana Tatiana
Nasha Canada 🇨🇦Our Canada
✅A very strange territory with a very strange population.
A land full of minerals and filled with useless people. They create nothing, invent nothing. All they are good at is lying, stealing and killing.
✅A million killed and maimed, impoverishment, lack of medicine, mass emigration, endless sanctions and the contempt of the whole world... Perhaps a suitcase with shit is the best thing that will remain for Russians from Putin.
✅Thanks to Putin, the words: honesty, decency, nobility, dignity and morality, have acquired a synonym - "Russophobia".
✅Putin and his entire entourage are the pathetic scum of the Soviet Union. None of them ever belonged to educated or intelligent families. They grew up in mediocrity and poverty. And, having climbed from rags to princes, they simply polluted the royal chambers and stunk them with a gateway.
✅The main bond that holds this country together is hatred. Hatred of Ukrainians, Americans, Jews, gays, freedom, progress, culture, truth, honor and decency. If
hatred disappears, this whole mess will disappear.
✅- Did you know that the matryoshka doll comes from Japan, the balalaika from Turkey, and bast shoes from Finland? - Are you saying that Russians haven't invented anything? - Why haven't they? And the GULAG?!
✅They can't make cars. They can't make washing machines. They can't make Boeings. They can't make medicine, clothes, shoes, schools or hospitals. But they are good at prisons, torture, murder and mass graves. Guess the country.
https://vk.com/wall880850011_6038

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https://x.com/EuromaidanPR/status/1964680031457755403
russians won't like this: scientists have found the homeland of the Slavs.
Geneticists determined the location by comparing DNA from ancient burials. The ancestors of the Slavs lived in northern Ukraine and southern Belarus, in the area of the Kyiv archaeological culture (2nd–5th centuries CE). The study was published in the journal Nature https://www.nature.com/articles/s4158 404
see https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg200754 and https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09437-6
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-02525-7


Mass migration began in the 6th–8th centuries, when up to 80–90% of the local population of Central Europe was replaced by people from these lands.
Unlike the Germans or Celts, the Slavs remained in place for a long time and only later began a rapid expansion of their range. Researchers established that this migration was not only cultural. It was a demographic explosion.
Today, the highest concentration of "Slavic genes" is observed in Ukraine, Belarus, and Poland, gradually decreasing to the south and east.
It turns out that Kyiv is not only the "mother of Russian cities" but also the "mother of Slavic peoples."
The homeland of the Slavs at the beginning of our era was located in the area marked in orange. This territory is now in the Kyiv region.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Slavs


plus Geneticists have found the homeland of the Slavs

The original area of ��residence of the Slavs turned out to be very close to the place from which the Indo-Europeans as a whole had come a couple of thousand years earlier. But if the ancestors of the Germans, Greeks, Romans and Iranians immediately made long journeys after that, then the ancestors of the Slavs, it seems, saved their strength at the first stage.

The migrations of some peoples are better known to historians, while for other peoples, for various reasons, they are much less clear. For example, the voyages of the South American Indians to Polynesia remained in legends, but European scholars did not want to believe them for a long time. On the contrary, the migration of the Goths (0-500 AD) from what is now southern Sweden via the Vistula and Dnieper to the northern Black Sea region, and from there to Italy and Spain, has been known since ancient times. The Slavs were unlucky in this regard: after the migration of the Germans, literacy in Europe fell so much that the first centuries of Slavic migrations were poorly reflected in written sources.

The Byzantines recorded the mass invasions of the Slavs in the Balkans from the 6th century AD, but they did not know what was happening north of this region: the peoples there were hostile and illiterate. Therefore, the chronicler Nestor in his "Tale of Bygone Years" asked about the ancestral homeland of the Slavs, but could only guess the Danube, without any solid data.

Genetics, which had already solved similar problems for the Indians in Polynesia or the Indo-Europeans, stalled with the Slavs: in the first centuries of their expansion, they practiced cremation, after which DNA was very poorly preserved. Now a group of European scientists, with German researchers playing a leading role, have been able to select and compare 555 genomes of Slavs from the first centuries of their expansion. The results of their scientific work were published in Nature.

Scientists have concluded that the migration of the Slavs was not a purely linguistic or cultural expansion: 80 percent of the genes in modern-day East Germany, Poland, and Croatia, where most of the samples were obtained, were completely replaced in the 5th-8th centuries. That is, the Slavic expansion was a mass migration, essentially a population explosion with a sharp expansion of the habitat for carriers of Slavic genes.

If earlier studies assumed that the genetic composition of the populations in Poland did not change during the Slavic expansion, then the new work is different: before the Slavs, the population in Poland was similar to people from Northern Germany, Holland and Scandinavia (i.e. non-Slavs). It turns out that the new results "close" the theory, once popular in Poland, that the homeland of the Slavs was precisely its territory.

The researchers also found that before the Slavs, 15-25 percent of the inhabitants of what is now East Germany had genes from Italic peoples of the same period (the Roman Empire). This is unexpected, since the East German lands were never part of the Roman Empire and did not border it. How they got there is unclear, but the main influx was through women. They may have been driven into slavery from Roman lands to barbarian ones.

In any case, since the 6th century, all this diversity has been erased almost completely. From northwestern Ukraine and Poland (93 ± 3 percent of the gene pool was replaced by a new wave) to East Germany (83 ± 6 percent), genetic uniformity was established, most similar to the genes of modern Belarusians and Poles. The same thing is happening in the Balkans (82 ± 1 percent) and the Volga-Oka interfluve (future North-Eastern Rus', 65 ± 4 percent) of all genes were replaced. The genes of the "aliens" were not similar to the previous inhabitants of these lands.

The highest concentration of genes brought by the Slavic expansion is today observed in Ukraine, Belarus and Poland. To the east (Russia) and south (South Slavs) the concentration decreases. At the same time, many populations traditionally classified as non-Slavic peoples turned out to be genetically similar to Slavs. Forty percent of the inhabitants of Saxony are exactly like that, and among the Lusatian Sorbs living in Germany, they make up 88 percent.

The genes that spread from the 6th century onwards with the expansion of the Slavs were largely isolated in one group around 1000 BC (plus or minus three centuries), that is, around the time of the Bronze Age catastrophe.

This date roughly coincides with the time of the divergence of the Slavic and Baltic languages, according to linguists. Apparently, at this time the Balto-Slavic community of the Bronze Age disintegrated, and the ancestors of the Slavs began to genetically differ from the Balts.

Where was the area of ��their residence? According to geneticists' calculations, by the beginning of our era it was located where today's southern Belarus and northern Ukraine are (on the map). This conclusion can hardly be called completely unexpected, since it was here that the Kiev archaeological culture was located (3rd - early 5th century), which even in Soviet times many domestic scientists associated with the preceding Zarubintsy culture (late 3rd century BC - mid-1st century AD), and both of them together - with the ancestors of the Slavs.

The new findings have greatly advanced our knowledge of Slavic migration, but many questions remain unclear. Among the Slavs who spread, especially in Poland, Germany, and Western Ukraine, there is little evidence of intermarriage with locals from the era before the Slavic expansion.

But archaeologists have not yet found traces of total genocide, as during the expansion of farmers into some areas of Europe in the Neolithic. Where the pre-Slavic population of these lands went, in this regard, is unclear. How the Slavic newcomers were able to displace them is also a mystery, since their settlements have less metal and generally complex products than their predecessors on the same land.

According to naked-science.
https://vk.com/wall-10971354_493034

[webmaster]

An international team of researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, has obtained completely new information about the marriage rules and family structures of Bronze Age Greece. Analysis of ancient genomes shows that the choice of a marriage partner was determined by family ties.

When Heinrich Schliemann discovered the gold-rich shaft tombs of Mycenae with their famous gold masks more than 100 years ago, he could only speculate about the family relationships of the people buried there. Now, thanks to the analysis of ancient genomes, it is possible for the first time to obtain real data on family ties and marriage rules in Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece.

A team of researchers from the Max Planck Institute, together with international partners, analyzed more than 100 genomes of Bronze Age people from the Aegean region. "Without close cooperation with our partners in Greece and around the world, this would not have been possible," says archaeologist Philipp Stockhammer, one of the lead authors of the study.

Recent methodological advances in obtaining and processing ancient genetic data have made it possible to obtain extensive information even in regions with problematic DNA preservation due to climatic conditions, such as Greece. For one Mycenaean settlement from the 16th century BC, it was even possible to reconstruct the family ties of the inhabitants of the house - this is the first genetically reconstructed family tree for the entire ancient Mediterranean. Apparently, some sons remained in the home settlement as adults. At least their children were buried in a tomb under the courtyard of the estate. One of the women who came to the family by marriage brought her sister with her, and her child was also buried in the same tomb.

But another discovery was completely unexpected: cousin marriage was very common on Crete, other Greek islands, and the mainland 4,000 years ago. "Over a thousand ancient genomes have been published from different parts of the world, but it seems that such a strict system of consanguineous marriage did not exist anywhere else in the ancient world," says Eirini Skortanioti, the lead author of the study, who conducted the analysis. "This was a complete surprise to all of us and raises many questions."

How this special marriage rule can be explained, researchers can only speculate. "Perhaps it was a way to prevent further fragmentation of inherited lands? In any case, it ensured a certain continuity of the family in one place, which is important for the cultivation of, for example, olives and grapes," suggests Stockhammer. "What is certain is that the analysis of ancient genomes will continue to bring us fantastic new information about ancient family structures in the future," adds Skortanioti.

https://vk.com/wall-10971354_495266

[webmaster]

Divided Rus' - how Moscow and Lithuania divided the Russian principalities

The 14th and 15th centuries in Russian history are traditionally considered the period of the formation of a unified state, the unification of Russian lands around Moscow. The Moscow Principality encompassed the eastern and western Russian territories that, prior to Batu's invasion, comprised the Suzdal, Novgorod, Murom, and parts of Chernigov lands.

The territory of the former Suzdal land came entirely under Moscow control after the annexation of the Tver Principality in 1485. The Novgorod land was annexed in 1471, and the Murom land in 1392.

By the end of the 15th century, the Ryazan land still retained formal independence (it would become part of the Russian state only in 1521), as did the Pskov land, which had separated from Novgorod in the 14th century (it would be annexed in 1510), but both were under the political control of Moscow.

The southern and western territories, which in the pre-Mongol period were part of the Kyiv, Chernigov (partially), Pereyaslav (Southern Pereyaslavl), Smolensk, Volyn, Polotsk, and Pinsk lands, became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This state emerged in the 13th century on the territory of ethnic Lithuania (Aukšaitija and Samogitia) and soon began to subjugate the Russian lands.

By the beginning of the 14th century, Lithuania had annexed the directly bordering Polotsk and Pinsk lands; by the mid-14th century, Volyn; in the 1360s, the Kiev, Pereyaslav, and most of Chernigov lands; and by the beginning of the 15th century, the Smolensk lands. Thus, by the end of the 15th century, the ancient Russian and East Slavic territories were divided between two large states—Moscow and Lithuania.

Let's remember: on the eve of Batu's invasion, there were 12 "lands," as they were then called, in Rus': Kiev, Chernigov, Volyn, Galicia, Smolensk, Suzdal, Novgorod, Polotsk, Pereyaslavl, Ryazan, Murom, and Pinsk. Most of them were far from small state entities—the size of a large Western European kingdom.

By the end of the 15th century, in their place, we see two states called "grand principalities"—Moscow and Lithuania—plus, as vestiges of the old system, the lands of Ryazan and Pskov, both under Moscow's control. Moreover, this bipolar political structure in the East Slavic territory had already taken shape by the end of the 14th century—even then, the Lithuanian and Moscow principalities far surpassed other political entities in power, although the Tver, Smolensk, and Yaroslavl principalities, as well as the de facto independent Novgorod land, still existed.

In other words, over the course of just over two centuries, from the mid-13th to the late 15th century, a massive territorial redistribution occurred in Eastern Europe. It's worth noting that this occurred precisely during the period when the Jochi ulus (Horde) occupied a dominant position in the region.

The lands of the 12th and first half of the 13th centuries were stable political entities. Internecine struggles raged over the "all-Russian" thrones (Kyiv, Novgorod, and, from the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries, Galich) and within the lands—over the redistribution of volosts (districts) among members of a single princely family.

Princes did not encroach on "foreign" lands belonging to another branch (with a few exceptions), except perhaps to contest border territories that lacked capital cities. The situation changed during the Golden Horde era: then, the annexation of "foreign" territories began. These were called "primysly."

Traditionally, it's believed that the Moscow and Lithuanian principalities expanded their territories, while other political entities were victims of their expansionism (regardless of one's view of these expansions). However, in reality, many other princes also carried out these "plots."

Specifically, sources document the annexation of various territories with capital cities (i.e., state entities, what are commonly called "principalities") by the princes of Pereyaslavl (Pereyaslavl-Zalessky), Rostov, Yaroslavl, Smolensk, Suzdal, Tver, and Ryazan—18 cases in total! (including, for example, the princes of Ryazan and Suzdal who made four "inventions" each).

These facts remained obscured because the expansion of these princes' holdings did not lead to the formation of large states based on their principalities. Moreover, sooner or later, their own holdings themselves became the object of "fiction"—whether Muscovite or Lithuanian. Researchers were dominated by the final result: the Muscovite and Lithuanian princes emerged victorious in the redistribution of territories, meaning it was their expansion of holdings that was important to study; the temporary expansion of other princes' holdings was of no interest.

But those who were present at the time had no idea that decades or centuries later, only the Muscovite and Lithuanian states would remain on the map of Rus'. Focusing solely on the growth of the Muscovite and Lithuanian princes' holdings distorts the overall picture. The overall picture is this: the Muscovite princes are credited with twice as many territorial acquisitions as other Russian princes, but the "plots" they carried out were just as numerous.

Therefore, before discussing the Muscovite and Lithuanian "expansions," it must be acknowledged that the redistribution of possessions during the Horde era was not a peculiarity of Muscovite and Lithuanian policy, but a general process.

The leadership of the Moscow and Lithuanian princes in terms of "inventions" only became evident by the mid-14th century. But even after this time, the acquisition of "foreign" lands was not exclusively a feature of Moscow and Lithuanian policy. For example, the Ryazan princes continued to make acquisitions until the 1470s! On the other hand, the Moscow and Lithuanian princes did not always merely expand their holdings; they also experienced territorial losses.

The mechanisms of "primysl" (means of acquisition), the grounds for which acquisitions were made, varied. These included the Grand Prince's right to principalities that had become escheated, the right of close kinship with the previous prince, the transfer of a Horde khan by yarlyk (a label)—one of the most common methods—and "purchase"—a purchase (which could be supported by the Horde's sanction or not). These included the transfer of territories from a defeated enemy as payment for allied assistance, the transfer of a prince's possessions to the Grand Prince's authority, resulting in the transfer of the status of a "service" prince, the transfer of territory by agreement between princes, and, finally, outright seizure by force.

In the period before the 15th century, the vast majority of "primysl" (transactions) were carried out with some form of Horde involvement. During this period, of the 40 acquisitions made by Russian princes, there is direct or indirect evidence of Horde sanction for territorial changes for 29. This could have been either a simple transfer of territory under the khan's yarlyk (label), or the consolidation of a "primysl" (transaction) with a yarlyk, which had other grounds—for example, the Grand Prince's right to escheat or a purchase.

It's noteworthy that almost always, when Russian princes "invented" Russian territories, there were some "legal" grounds for it, according to the era's standards. These grounds could be quite tenuous, but they existed. These could include the right of kinship with the previous prince, the right of the Grand Prince, or an agreement between princes whereby the ruler of a principality voluntarily assumed the status of a "servient" prince to the Grand Prince. Finally, the khan's yarlyk—the will of the supreme ruler—was undoubtedly considered a legal basis.

But what about cases of direct seizure? the reader might ask. Such indeed existed. But the territories seized by sheer force were not those of the Russian princes! These could have been the Horde's holdings: for example, in the 1370s, Prince Dmitry Ivanovich of Moscow and Oleg Ivanovich of Ryazan seized "Tatar lands"—the Horde's holdings in the land of the Mordvins.

These could have been former Russian territories captured by Lithuania. A prime example is Rzheva. It was once the center of a Russian principality (part of the Smolensk lands), then, in the late 1350s, it was annexed to Lithuanian possessions. After this, the Moscow princes began waging armed struggle for the Rzheva territories, capturing Rzheva several times.

Thus, Muscovite expansion, traditionally considered "harsh" and forceful (regardless of whether a given author evaluates it positively or negatively), turns out to have always been based on legal grounds! Only after liberation from the Horde's dependence did the Grand Prince of Moscow, Ivan III, annex two major political entities by purely forceful means: the Novgorod Land (in 1478) and the Tver Principality (in 1485).

Before this, if force was used, it was only as a reinforcement in specific circumstances of a decision that had a "legal" character: this was the case, for example, in Rostov in 1328 and in Nizhny Novgorod in 1392 - in both cases, military detachments were sent to bring the dissatisfied to submission, but the basis for annexation was the most legitimate (by the standards of those times) - the khan's label.

The widespread thesis about the Horde's special support for the Moscow princes is not fully supported by the facts of political history. It turns out that observations of the proportion of "concoctions" carried out with the Horde's participation, as a percentage of all acquisitions, also do not support it.

Among the Moscow princes, annexations accompanied by Horde sanction accounted for 47%—less than half. Other Russian princes, however, achieved 72% of their acquisitions (almost three-quarters) with Horde assistance, including the princes of Northeastern Rus', who achieved 85%.

So far, we've been discussing the "inventions" of the Russian princes. But what about the Lithuanian ones? Was Lithuania's expansion truly relatively "gentle"? Did it save the Russian lands from the Golden Horde's "yoke"?

No, it turns out that Lithuanian rule did not bring liberation from the Horde's tribute. A letter from Khan Tokhtamysh to the Grand Duke of Lithuania (and simultaneously the King of Poland) Jagiello has been preserved. It stipulates the continuation of the "exit" payment from the Russian lands that were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

And later, already at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century, the Crimean khans, who considered themselves the heirs of the Horde, continued to issue labels for Russian lands to the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, and they continued to pay tribute - at a time when the Grand Duchy of Moscow no longer did so!

When a territory came under the control of the Lithuanian princes, they entered into agreements with the Horde, according to which, in exchange for the Khan's sanction for annexation, they were obliged to continue paying tribute.

If we look at the methods of Lithuanian "intrigue," it is impossible to define Lithuania's expansion as gentle. The annexation of Russian territories to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was often accomplished through direct, forceful seizure. The southern part of Chernigov Land (in the 1360s), Kyiv (in the early 1360s), Smolensk Land (in 1395, and then, after local princes briefly regained power, in 1404), and Kozelsk (in the early 15th century) were annexed by force, without any "legal" basis. Thus, comparative assessments of the degree of "harshness" of Muscovite and Lithuanian expansion apparently require revision.

Thus, the processes unfolding in the Russian lands in the 14th and 15th centuries cannot be defined solely as "unifying." Moreover, initially, there was no talk of any desire for unification. Political forces sought to take advantage of the situation to expand their power. The redistribution of territories was a universal phenomenon; the expansion of the holdings of the Muscovite and Lithuanian princes, specifically and exclusively, has become the focus of historians' attention because, from a certain point on, they became more successful in this endeavor than others, while the holdings of other rulers themselves eventually became the object of "fiction."

And only after the Moscow princes secured the status of Grand Princes of Vladimir, which was equivalent to "Grand Princes of All Rus'," i.e., from the end of the 14th century, can we speak of a conscious desire on their part to unite all Russian lands under their rule.

The period from the second half of the 13th to the end of the 15th century in the East Slavic territory can be defined as an era of territorial and political redistribution, which led to the replacement of the system of "lands" with a bipolar system, in which two large states dominated – Moscow and Lithuania.

Based on materials from: Gorsky A.A. Russian Middle Ages.

Map: Russian principalities and Lithuania at the end of the 14th century
https://vk.com/wall-110942671_513911

Women of the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods could use tools and hunt just like men.



Archaeologists have reached a conclusion after analyzing burials in Latvia.
Scientists have refuted the traditional notion of the division of roles in ancient societies, where men hunted with stone tools and women performed domestic duties. The study, part of the Stone Dead project, was published by the University of York.

Mesolithic and Neolithic women were just as likely as men to have used tools, archaeologists have found. Experts analyzed more than 330 burials at the Zvejnieki cemetery in northern Latvia, one of Europe's largest necropolises from the period 7500–2500 BC.

https://vk.com/wall-10971354_498692

The results showed that blades and projectile points were found in female burials just as often as in male ones, and sometimes even more frequently. Interestingly, the most common age group buried with these objects were children and the elderly. This suggests more complex burial practices than previously assumed.

"The study highlights how much remains to be learned about the lives and deaths of Europe's earliest communities," said University of York archaeologist Amy Little.

[webmaster]

https://vk.com/wall-176775940_25714
Corded Ware culture, 2600 BC. A comprehensive map showing over 18,000 sites. Author: VVeltkrieger. The Corded Ware culture is related to many branches of Proto-Indo-Europeans, including the Balto-Slavs and Indo-Iranians.

Source: ODAL community


highres:
https://vk.com/doc624245941_684430424?hash=91XrcpVa9j0MZnIZunJ5TBzixPgBx8iOUbs3KVLeUKD&dl=0XANOvjjyr3z2gp1tbRvle9iU7uzxBAy7qLrxHWC8xP&api=1&no_preview=1

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🏹 The Maximum Extent of the Scythian Kingdom in West Asia and Beyond
During the 7th century BCE, the Scythians — an Eastern Iranic nomadic people — reached their greatest territorial influence across West Asia, the Caucasus, and parts of Eastern Europe. Emerging from the Eurasian steppe, they forged a powerful nomadic realm stretching from the Black Sea steppes to Anatolia, northern Mesopotamia, and even Syria, influencing kingdoms and empires across the region.
📜 Historical sources such as Herodotus, Assyrian records, and The Cambridge Ancient History describe how Scythian warriors intervened in Near Eastern politics, at times raiding and ruling regions from Urartu to Media and Assyria. Their dominance coincided with the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and they played a major role in reshaping the geopolitics of Western Asia.
⚔️ The Scythians' influence was felt from:
• The Pontic Steppe (modern Ukraine and southern Russia)
• The Caucasus and Transcaucasia
• Northern Anatolia and the Near East
• As far as Syria, before being driven back north by the Medes around 600 BCE
Their rule was not centralized like a sedentary empire, but expressed through nomadic military supremacy, alliances, and seasonal migrations.
🏺 Archaeology — including kurgan burials, animal-style art, and weaponry — confirms their vast presence and interaction with the civilizations of Urartu, Assyria, Babylonia, and Media.
✨ At their height, the Scythians stood as one of the most influential steppe powers of the ancient world — shaping the early history of Eurasia and the Iranian cultural sphere.
📚 Sources:
Barnett (1991); Batty (2007); Diakonoff (1985); Grousset (1970); Harmatta (1996); Ivantchik (1993, 2018); Sulimirski (1954); Vaggione (1973); Cambridge Ancient History; Encyclopaedia Iranica

https://www.facebook.com/Uyghursbookshelf/posts/pfbid025QePbaDAgNLhg6xnzYX7tcDVQVM6SrCeXKb12FRKUjvvDnjfJ9T4thun99qRkXYEl

Statehood to Ukrainians was not given by those who lived here for centuries, who built cities here, carbav coins, whose customs, rites and traditions use in the household and today Ukrainians, and the Scandinavian with foreign to us totems, religion, language that came from Ladoga-Novgorod?
No, it's not. On the territory of Ukraine lived many peoples who had their statehood here.
Kimeríjcí are the people who "travelled from the Lower Volga to the Black Sea steppes in the 9th century. b o n. е. and reigned here for two centuries. These are the first people on our lands, the name of which we know. The earliest mention of the kímeríjcív is contained in the famous "Odyssey" of Homer, and the most accurate - in the work of the "father of history" Herodot. Homer called the Kimerians "strange milkers of mares and milklings". Rich in the details of their life are the testimony of Assyrians and Babylonians "- so about kimerians is reported in the Ukrainian textbook on world history for 6th grade.
The textbook, quoting Homer, for some reason, missed the continuation of the phrase about the young people that the Kimerians were "the most just people on earth."
And this textbook calls Kimerians Iranian-speaking people, that is, those who have nothing to do with Ukrainians.
And this textbook calls the Cimerians nomadic people who have been nomadic for 200 years: "They did not build permanent inhabitants, but traveled in steppe on horses or in oxen-strapped stables."
Although "it was the kímeríjcí were the first who of the residents of the Ukrainian steppe learned to produce iron. That's why the beginning of the Iron Age is related to them on our steppovih terrains".
The textbook silences that on the territory of modern Nikolaev about 1250-925 years BC. е. there was an ancient city-port of kimeríjcív (bílozers нєkoí̈ culture). This is the oldest city on the territory of Ukraine that is mentioned in written sources.
Also known built kimeríjcâmi the city of kimerik in Crimea, later the southwestern border outpost of the Bosporus Kingdom.
Herodot wrote later, "And still in the Scyphian land there are Kimerian fortifications and Kimerian crossings; there is also an area called Kimeria and the so-called Kimerian Bosporus."
Why does the Ukrainian textbook hide from children the fact of the existence of Kimerian cities?
Because it does not coincide with the Norman version of Catherine II about the existence of anti-Ukrainian states on the territory of Ukraine before the arrival of the "Normans" and they "founded" the "first" state on the territory of Ukrainian?
Further textbook for 6 class notifies that "kímeríjcí, from the second half of the 7 century. b o n. е. were conquered by the tribes of the Scythians" - and that also "the Scythians traveled from the Steppe regions of the Pre-Cavkazia", and "like the Cimerians, they were nomads", and, "like the Cymerians, the Scythics were Iranian-speaking", so "quickly became one people with them".
On the given map from this textbook we see both Scyphs-landlords, and Scyphi-plowers, and the Imperial Scyphi - so how can this relate to nomads?
Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century н. е. Listed on both sides of the dnieper city of skífív: Azagariy, Amadoka, Sar, Serim, Saron and Metropol.
There are so-called Piznoskíf archaeological monuments along both banks of the Dnieper from Nikopol to Kherson, in the lower Dniester and in the Predgírs доkomu Crimea, which constitute two main categories:
gardens and settlements and cemetery.
The capital of the late Scythian Empire in Crimea was the city of Naples Scythian on the territory of modern Simferopol.
But the skífs were a nomadic people - vtovkmačuût товkim Ukrainian children and students Ukrainian textbooks.
And after the skífs on the territory of Ukraine were related to them sarmati who had their state and their kings, and which Ukrainian Cossacks considered their ancestors.
But Ukrainian textbooks and sarmaty are called Iranian-speaking nomads.
And then were on the territory of Ukraine the state of Gothív, Bulgarians, Huns, Antív.
And then there were states-principalities of the fields, trees, siverians, volynians, white Croats, tiverts, streets - with their fortress cities Kiev, Korosten, Chernihiv, Zhytomyr and others. But the textbook calls them tribes.
Because statehood on the territory of Ukraine brought the scandinavi from ladoga and novgorod?
The popular question today is whose Crimea is as identification, and the more global question of the level of our state-building we give to interpretation according to the version of Muscovites.
So whose history do Ukrainians teach?
Anatoly Gerasimchuk, the author of the book "From Russia to Ukraine.
https://www.facebook.com/groups/445871070583511/?multi_permalinks=1351237506713525&hoisted_section_header_type=recently_seen

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https://www.facebook.com/messia.roman/posts/pfbid023pK1hwbaZ13DBtvdTuG1UUFFS3RThph5gh93HozSc9DVyarau11aV53TkFZxVF2l
What I wrote about - the Slavic world was all over the earth But because of the sins and the foolishness of the Slavs, Slavs may soon disappear from the planet. There's a tendency. Slavs have lost and are losing the stupidity of self-destruction - following other traditions and beliefs on Earth, following hellish religions, rejecting their Slavs worldview of "Vedicism". Also because of sins, the creation of autocrats, the worship of kings.
https://www.facebook.com/messia.roman/posts/pfbid02mdUy7zk5RRAx3o1DMVogCVzJQoGmfXw78PieUEBHNS2XAsJeLBvZRVqTbyidmiTGl
Watching how things are now in regards to PALE-STINA (BURNT STATE - Slavic land), that is, we are talking about Slavs fighting for non-Slavs actually when Canada, England, Australia, France allow radical terrorist Palestine to exist, watching the black races that are now arriving and arriving en masse and being placed compactly in primitive manner Slavic lands of Europe, Asia, America, and there is no much opposition from the white government and the population of these countries and peoples, watching all this only now I understand why the black world is taking over the white world with almost no wars with Slavs, white people, without wars with bare hands, and why white the world is dying out and heading towards its own extinction and expulsion.
Previously, if you dig into history, the planet Earth was practically inhabited by Slavs, white people. Now we are going through hard times, the last times for Slavs and the white man on Earth, for the survival of this white man on the planet as a species, that is, the complete replacement of a white man with a black man on this planet is already underway. And the cause of such eviction turns out to be the culprits of such destruction, in my conclusion, the white man himself. And in my observation, throughout history, whites have not been able to conquer black people, nor have they been able to develop the doctrine of survival as a species among black peoples in order for them to survive and not disappear as a species. And England, the Anglo-Saxons are an example to us - that in the past and now in their doctrine of survival as a species was ... but in fact, the Anglo-Saxons did not have and does not have this doctrine initially. She's gone. This is all proven by examples and actions from the past and present day of their existence. The same example is the Slavs of Asia, about Russian speeches, which over time assimilated with the Mongols, Tatars being under their yoke and have actually already lost their sexual connection with the white peoples of the planet, and are in fact already black people. In terms of mentality, Russians are not Slavs, 90% are already Uzbeks, Mongols, Uyghurs, etc. д. , the fact is that . In this regard, the Russians, compared to the Anglo-Saxons, have already completely lost contact with their white ancestors. The Anglo-Saxons are already on the verge of losing their connection of identity with the white ancestors who created them.
We will not go far for examples to understand how a white man in the past left or died out as a species and its territories gradually passed to the black people of the planet. Taking Turkey, Anatolian Peninsula. Already in the name of the peninsula itself there is a Slavic identical code, i.e. the code who owned this place earlier. CONSTANTINOPOL is the same, CONSTANTINE'S FIELD. Artifacts and excavations in Turkey also show that this was the settlement of a white man, Slavs. But in the end - "we don't need the Turkish shore", these are the Russians singing in their songs like that. Although in fact, all of this happened in some former land of Slavs.
China for example Iraq and India. If you dig well what these lands are hiding in the deep, then it becomes clear - all these lands of the early Slavs were once lived by white people, and black people later appeared to them.
In order to prevent such land grabbing where a white man lives and lived by black people, we need a "doctrine of survival as a species" which does not, I repeat, white people do not have it. Black folks have it.
How is the peaceful almost takeover of lands of white people, by black people, happening? There are no limits created for black peoples by white peoples to move on white peoples land. England is again an example to you - the relocation in the past of Negroes, Hindus from Africa, India to the land of Slavs. The English, in fact, from the beginning of their expansion, already at an early stage of their formation, allowed and, as we see, and now allow such a breakdown when a white man exists with a black man simultaneously in equal proportion in Slavic lands. It all started as slavery, but it didn't cancel out such a fact as the mixing of whites and blacks, and eventually the extinction of white population as a species on Earth.
Did the English guess about such a structure in terms of the survival of their species on the planet, at the early stages of their establishment as an empire? I think not, they didn't care, the profit was a priority. It's all down to their genetic level - where genetics allow for self-destruction, negative ability to self-destruct as a species. I wrote before on the example of Europe, the USA, the west, that a white man or a western man walks on the "rake of his self-destruction" forever, and makes no conclusions, I wrote about the industrialization of Russia and China by a western man, where the west mindlessly raises its enemies to themselves, who at one point this west will destroy or will be destroyed gradually. Where is the logic? And the white man has no logic, the white man has profit, he profits on his black enemies, which of course, is not worth it.
Conclusion Hence. I am against this mindless attitude of the white man to himself. Yes, I am an ally of Europe, Ukraine. But ultimately I will stick with the white people on Earth who will genetically inherit their self-preservation as a species.
Now what is happening according to the plan of the devils above, who are in charge, will they start this hell? An observation is taking place, they are observing how the process of building a critical mass of the black population on Slavic lands is going on. Once this critical mass in European and Western lands reaches, for example, 70% black and 30% white, the process of restarting the lands and clearing the lands, territories will be launched, there will be floods, earthquakes, and so on. In the new land in a hundred years, when the remnants of the population will increase but the proportion remains the same - 70/30, Europe will be occupied by blacks and will become the new Turkestan, just as Anatolia was once occupied by blacks to become Turkey. This is basically the peaceful transfer of Slavic lands to black peoples.
The devils you pray to in your religions always stand for blacks, for spreading black peoples on Earth. But you didn't know this and you don't know. They create creatures, beasts, half-monkeys as a counterbalance to white humans. In this regard, devils hate Slavs, white people. Well, of course, you do not know about it when you pray to those you have not even seen or talked to more than once. The white man's trouble is this. Until the white man comes to his worldview of Vedism, which the white man has had for centuries, the white man will gradually extinct, fade away, disappear.
Finishing of a white man:
1. the religion of devils is not the holy scripture that the white man accepted;
2. and the stupidity of the white man will finish the white man, by destroying themselves as a species, not by preserving themselves for a living.

Palestinians are native to Palestine since 4000 BCE, Israeli's are just foreign invaders who's ancestors were never native to Palestine. White people came from Ukraine about 8000 BCE, also blue eyes, and from Yamana they got west and eastwards Tarimm . patriarchial religion is not the real religion, thats the old sun-mothergoddess as creators of life religion without "holy" books and saviours...

https://www.facebook.com/TheCaucasianTelegraph/posts/pfbid032hGpNn1y9T3iAZSxXsuqcTGXuEHNWjXjLYBxA7EMY87Fg4BsWgt6RUNZMMvTW4LZl
In Iran, a man was found buried under salt 1700 years ago.
Iran's Chehrabad became a horrifying find buried deep in a salt mine — a fully preserved body now known as the "Salt Man." This body, which is almost 1,700 years old, has been surprisingly well preserved, despite being beneath a layer of salt. His hair, beard, clothes, even leather shoes and accessories are perfectly preserved.
Researchers believe that it was a mine that was suddenly trapped in a collapse and dumped with salt waste. But the salt did not let it rot, but on the contrary, it dried and kept his body in perfect condition, and this is today considered to be one of the most amazing "time capsules" in history. This salt man is not just a skeleton, but a moment where history froze. He was a real man who lived, worked and died in the depths of the world. Today His presence goes before us, penetrating thousands of years - not just bones, but the history of centuries of life. He is not only a symbol of tragedy, but also a being, embodying the principles of preservation, stability and unexplored mystery melting in the world.

https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid0698UQsLm5tqyFtvfMe5eGteiZANvxE6cvEXsUNwCcKRmVuLTwWkzhe1557ZjvkA1l&id=100011754361760
AvRIAN CAGANATH
After the defeat from the Turks, the Zuzhaní fled to the territory of the Ephthalites, where for their treasure they created 20 thousand latnu kinnotu. Along with that, they had to flee to Europe from the persecution of the Turian caganat.
Genetics and anthropology testify that the avarian kaganat is multi-ethnic. Zhuzhani (Mongoloids), uebani (late hunu), ephthalites (Iranians), ughofini formed the basis of the pseudoavarív. Along with that, the franks considered them goons.
In the 5th century from the East to Europe came well organized with cetralízovanim management and professional diplomacy pseudoavarian horde in the warehouse. Quickly conquered Alan, Bulgarians and Glavinív and organized the Avarsky Kaganat with a center in Pannonia, where before that there were the remains of the Huns. There were successful wars with the Byzantines, constantly plundered Thrace, Illyria, Greece and the rest of the Balkan territory together with deposits and ants, attacked the settlement of the Franks. At the beginning of the 9th century. defeated the alliance of the anti.
The Avarian kaganat enriched and gradually lost its military power and captured territories. Dulibs were the first to rise in 626 and together with the neighboring Slavic tribes (Czechs, Horutans, Moravi... ) created the state of Samo, which existed until 661. Right in the 6th century. Aktivízuvali vísâ (White Croats, Serbs) and Korčaks плеk плеí tribes (Dulíbi (Volyn, Buzhani), woodland, fields, ulíčí, tivercí). Bulgarians tried to seize power in avars тіkomu kaganatí, but suffered defeats. Gradually, the franks drove the psevdoavarív to pannonia, where they were almost done by horutani.
Quite an interesting assessment of the causes of the collapse of avaric society.
In one Byzantine spring of the íh century. interesting details of the causes of the collapse of the late Avarian society have been preserved - these are the stories of old Avarian warriors who were in Bulgarian captivity in Khan Krum.
Khan asked them, "Why do you think your masters and your people were bankrupt?" "They answered like this:
"At first, because of the quarrel that deprived the cagan of faithful and true advisors, the power came into the hands of the wicked people.
Then there were corrupt judges who were supposed to stand for the truth before the people, but instead fell in love with hypocrites and thieves.
A large amount of wine produced drinking.
Gone fashion on trade, accidents became torgashami, one dudiv another, brother sold brother... ".

Statehood to Ukrainians was not given by those who lived here for centuries, who built cities here, carbav coins, whose customs, rites and traditions use in the household and today Ukrainians, and the Scandinavian with foreign to us totems, religion, language that came from Ladoga-Novgorod?
No, it's not. On the territory of Ukraine lived many peoples who had their statehood here.
Kimeríjcí are the people who "travelled from the Lower Volga to the Black Sea steppes in the 9th century. b o n. е. and reigned here for two centuries. These are the first people on our lands, the name of which we know. The earliest mention of the kímeríjcív is contained in the famous "Odyssey" of Homer, and the most accurate - in the work of the "father of history" Herodot. Homer called the Kimerians "strange milkers of mares and milklings". Rich in the details of their life are the testimony of Assyrians and Babylonians "- so about kimerians is reported in the Ukrainian textbook on world history for 6th grade.
The textbook, quoting Homer, for some reason, missed the continuation of the phrase about the young people that the Kimerians were "the most just people on earth."
And this textbook calls Kimerians Iranian-speaking people, that is, those who have nothing to do with Ukrainians.
And this textbook calls the Cimerians nomadic people who have been nomadic for 200 years: "They did not build permanent inhabitants, but traveled in steppe on horses or in oxen-strapped stables."
Although "it was the kímeríjcí were the first who of the residents of the Ukrainian steppe learned to produce iron. That's why the beginning of the Iron Age is related to them on our steppovih terrains".
The textbook silences that on the territory of modern Nikolaev about 1250-925 years BC. е. there was an ancient city-port of kimeríjcív (bílozers нєkoí̈ culture). This is the oldest city on the territory of Ukraine that is mentioned in written sources.
Also known built kimeríjcâmi the city of kimerik in Crimea, later the southwestern border outpost of the Bosporus Kingdom.
Herodot wrote later, "And still in the Scyphian land there are Kimerian fortifications and Kimerian crossings; there is also an area called Kimeria and the so-called Kimerian Bosporus."
Why does the Ukrainian textbook hide from children the fact of the existence of Kimerian cities?
Because it does not coincide with the Norman version of Catherine II about the existence of anti-Ukrainian states on the territory of Ukraine before the arrival of the "Normans" and they "founded" the "first" state on the territory of Ukrainian?
Further textbook for 6 class notifies that "kímeríjcí, from the second half of the 7 century. b o n. е. were conquered by the tribes of the Scythians" - and that also "the Scythians traveled from the Steppe regions of the Pre-Cavkazia", and "like the Cimerians, they were nomads", and, "like the Cymerians, the Scythics were Iranian-speaking", so "quickly became one people with them".
On the given map from this textbook we see both Scyphs-landlords, and Scyphi-plowers, and the Imperial Scyphi - so how can this relate to nomads?
Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century н. е. Listed on both sides of the dnieper city of skífív: Azagariy, Amadoka, Sar, Serim, Saron and Metropol.
There are so-called Piznoskíf archaeological monuments along both banks of the Dnieper from Nikopol to Kherson, in the lower Dniester and in the Predgírs доkomu Crimea, which constitute two main categories:
gardens and settlements and cemetery.
The capital of the late Scythian Empire in Crimea was the city of Naples Scythian on the territory of modern Simferopol.
But the skífs were a nomadic people - vtovkmačuût товkim Ukrainian children and students Ukrainian textbooks.
And after the skífs on the territory of Ukraine were related to them sarmati who had their state and their kings, and which Ukrainian Cossacks considered their ancestors.
But Ukrainian textbooks and sarmaty are called Iranian-speaking nomads.
And then were on the territory of Ukraine the state of Gothív, Bulgarians, Huns, Antív.
And then there were states-principalities of the fields, trees, siverians, volynians, white Croats, tiverts, streets - with their fortress cities Kiev, Korosten, Chernihiv, Zhytomyr and others. But the textbook calls them tribes.
Because statehood on the territory of Ukraine brought the scandinavi from ladoga and novgorod?
The popular question today is whose Crimea is as identification, and the more global question of the level of our state-building we give to interpretation according to the version of Muscovites.
So whose history do Ukrainians teach?
Anatoly Gerasimchuk, the author of the book "From Russia to Ukraine.
https://www.facebook.com/groups/445871070583511/?multi_permalinks=1351237506713525&hoisted_section_header_type=recently_seen

[webmaster]

LANGUAGE is a true road that leads through oblivion where the cornerstone is located. One of the most significant evidences of the fact that there was a single highly developed civilization on our planet is the existence of a single speech. Both the Vida and the Bible claim that at first all the people on our planet spoke the same language. And this is what linguists acknowledged: most languages on the planet come from Sanskrit. Linguist Krasusky Mykhailo (knew 26 languages) in the book "The Ancient of the Ukrainian Language" proved: "After studying the Aryan languages for a long time, I came to the conclusion that the Ukrainian language is not only older than all Slavs, not excluding the so-called Old Slavic, but also Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, Latin and other Indo-European languages." English ethnologist, philologist Robert Gordon Latham: "Sanskrit language of European origin. In Asia, it spread because before the birth of Christ, Aryas from Ukraine arrived to India " ("Ethnology of Europe") ; "The ancient Scyphian (Slovian) language was the basis for European languages." Linguist O. Schrader with the involvement of archaeological materials: "The ancestral homeland of the Indo-Europeans was between the Carpathians in the west and the Don in the east. III - III ks b o n. е. Nadazov's cattle moved the steppes to the east, and the population of Subcarpathia and Volyn migrated west to Central Europe, where it became the ancestor of Western Indo-Europeans - Illyrian, Italians, Celts and Baltic Slavs (O. Schrader "Indo-European" 1913)". Archaeologist G. Genken "Indo-European Language and Archaeology" writes: "The broad steppes north of the Black Sea (Ukraine) were the first homeland of people who spoke the Indo-European language." Anthropologist David W. Anthony in the book "Horse, wheel and language": "The first horse was tamed in the Ukrainian steppe around 4200 BC. е. Ukraine came out of all Indo-European languages. Archaeologist and anthropologist Maria Gyimbutas "Prehistory of Eastern Europe" (USA 1956): "The ancestral homeland of Indo-Europeans and the source of ALL pro-Slavic, pro-Indo-European languages is centered in the North Black Sea, in the steppe zone of Ukraine, as well as Pridonna." It was here for the first time they baked bread and domesticated a horse, from where the Indo-European gene R1A1 began to spread to the Balkans, towards the Danube and Crete". Sanskritologist Vasily Kobilûh in the book "PraUkraine and Sanskrit": "Ukrainian language was formed in x-iv millennium to our era. Therefore you should not search for the origin of the most important words in German, Turkish, Ancient Greek or other languages of the world, which came much later, because our ancient language is the source and donor of many Indo-European languages. In the 6 millennium BC е. our people have already used the words of the Cossack noun... Bulava, ottaman, hetman, saber, quiche, troop, cossack. Ukrainians gradually linguistically and literary mastered the Eurasian space, settled in it and spread their Sanskrit-Ukrainian literary language and culture around the world". Sumerologist A. .. Kifishyn: "Stone Grave is a fodder of civilization. Global, Planetary! This is the world center of invention of literacy! ".

https://www.facebook.com/groups/445871070583511/?multi_permalinks=1354550683048874&hoisted_section_header_type=recently_seen


https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamyana_Mohyla
https://www.decodingtrolls.net/p/pensees-117?utm_source=substack&publication_id=1168327&post_id=145636234&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&utm_campaign=email-share&triggerShare=true&isFreemail=true&r=1kglih&triedRedirect=true

In 1893 Ukrainians celebrated Intercession on October 1 not 14th !!!
Church of the Holy Intercession of the Mother of God 1893
Edition of "Kiev-Pechersk Lavra". Kyiv
October 1 - Intercession of the Mother of God
Today found an old prativoslov, you can say "great-grandmother" marika.
I note that at that time there was an Old Slavic (but already increased) language, and there was neither the old style nor the new style, but one date of celebration.
https://www.facebook.com/groups/445871070583511/?multi_permalinks=1352928513211091&hoisted_section_header_type=recently_seen

[webmaster]

What awaited Russian women captured by the Tatar-Mongols?

For women in Ancient Rus', being captured by the Tatar-Mongols was more terrifying than death itself. Rumors of the cruel fate awaiting female captives in the Golden Horde forced princesses and ordinary townswomen to choose suicide. This choice was based not on legend, but on harsh reality, confirmed by contemporary accounts.

The most famous symbol of this choice was the image of Princess Eupraxia of Ryazan. According to legend, in 1237, her husband, Prince Feodor, refused to surrender his most beautiful subjects (or his wife herself) to Khan Batu and was executed for it. Upon learning of her husband's death and the approaching enemy, Eupraxia, holding her young son in her arms, threw herself from a high tower, preferring death to disgrace.

Although many historians consider this story a collective myth, it beautifully captures the horror Russian women experienced before their captivity by the Horde. It's no coincidence that the entire family was canonized as martyrs by the Russian Orthodox Church.

"Worthy of all pity"

Taking captives was a common practice among all nomadic peoples. Batu Khan's warriors alone, during their campaign against Northwestern Rus' in 1237-38, carried off, according to uncertain estimates, up to 90,000 people. Most of them were women and children, as the Tatars killed men on the spot, except for artisans.

The Main Qualities of the Russian Soldier That Enemies Feared
One of the first Europeans to visit the Horde, the Italian Giovanni Carpini, wrote that Tatar captives "eat little, drink almost nothing, and dress very poorly." Those kept as slaves at home "are worthy of every pity."

The Italian described his impressions in his "Book of the Tatars" and "The History of the Mongols, Called by Us Tatars." Specifically, the traveler mentions that most of the captives found themselves with such poor masters that they were left with no time for anything other than carrying out their masters' errands. By evening, they were literally exhausted, and managed to get three to four hours of sleep at best.

Outrages and desecrations

The Tatar-Mongols' rules of conduct toward the inhabitants of each conquered city remained unchanged. For example, Ibn al-Athir describes how in 1120, Genghis Khan's warriors brought all the surviving inhabitants of Bukhara to the square, killed those who were of no value or posed a threat (old men, women, and young men), and then divided "all the valuable captives" among themselves.

Mothers were separated from their children, and often members of the same family found themselves in the hands of different owners. After dividing the spoils, "they committed a great sin with the women," while the other captives were forced to watch the outrages and abuse, powerless to prevent it.

The Persian historian Sharaf ad-Din Yazdi described in one of his treatises how Timur's warriors selected 5,000 "houri-like girls and beautiful youths" from captives in yet another city just for their master. The army remained in place for almost a month to enjoy the "live spoils" to their heart's content. Then they set out.

Tents containing captive girls were placed on the carts. The historian writes that the warriors, without stopping their advance, leaped from their horses into the tents and "indulged in amorous pleasures." And there were so many such carts, writes Yazdi, that anyone who lost their prize would have spent two months searching for them.

Torture

Captives usually couldn't escape torture, especially if the Tatars captured individuals of obvious nobility. Men and women were tortured where they were captured until they revealed all the places where money was hidden and where valuables were buried. Torture could continue even in captivity if the Tatars wanted to more precisely determine the ransom amount.

As the historian and nobleman S. Bronevsky wrote in his memoirs, some peasant women complicated their own situation by posing as noble princesses. These women were subjected to even greater torment in attempts to discover the true extent of their family's fortune.

Word of such atrocities spread quickly, so every city in Rus' knew: if the walls fell under the Tatar onslaught, die, but do not surrender. It's worth recalling another Russian princess here – Agafya Vsevolodovna, wife of Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich. When the Tatars approached the walls of Vladimir in the winter of 1238, the princess, her daughter, and other residents took refuge in the Assumption Cathedral. They all chose to burn alive rather than fall into the clutches of the invaders.

Slave markets

Another option for captured Russian female captives was the slave market. However, only a comely woman of noble birth could become a slave. If she had a physical defect or no noble parents, she was effectively turned into cattle. According to historian A. Bakhtin, a woman could have her ears cut off, her nostrils torn out, or her forehead or cheeks branded with a hot iron.

The shackled captives performed the hardest labor during the day. At night, they were thrown into the dungeon, followed by maggot-ridden meat that even dogs refused to eat. For any offense, they were flogged so severely that many begged for death.

Russian beauties were highly prized at the Sarai-Batu and Sarai-Berke markets, and later in Crimea. Despite the fact that these "Muscovite women" were known for their willfulness and unruliness, many captives were resold multiple times, eventually ending up in distant lands like Egypt or Syria, never to return. Understandably, slave traders fetched a higher price for a noble princess who could play musical instruments or was literate.

Often, common girls were specially trained to play the harp or another instrument before being sold, then dressed in expensive gowns and passed off as Russian princesses, selling them at an inflated price. Let's not forget that a slave, especially a beautiful and noble one, was a wonderful gift, so a captive could change up to five owners in just one year.

To the harem or service

While captured Tatar men were often used as "khashar" (assault troops) when capturing another fortress, beautiful women were sent to the harem or became servants to noble Tatar women and the khan's wives. As A. Bakhtin writes in his article "Capture and Slavery during the Mongol Conquest and in the Golden Horde," the khan's wife, or khatun, was traditionally accompanied by a large retinue.

Particularly prominent among the escort was a group of eight young Benat girls, each of them exquisitely beautiful. Six of them sat on either side of their mistress, and the khan's wife leaned on two of them as they rode in the cart. Another fifty girls, older and less beautiful, rode alongside the cart. Behind the cart carrying the khan's wife rode another hundred carts, each carrying five attendants.

Noble Tatar women used captives as furniture, for entertainment, and to demonstrate their status. For example, up to 30 maids could carry the clothes of an emir's wife. Tatar wives of lower rank were served by up to 3-4 women. It's worth remembering that if the mistress died, the maids (all or just a few) could be buried with her.

Life in the harem was no less "sweet." Strict hierarchy and unquestioned rules were the lesser of two evils. If a woman displeased her master in any way, she was executed. The most common methods of execution were strangulation, snake venom, or drowning.

Often, the number of concubines numbered in the thousands, all of whom were slaves, captured, given as gifts, or purchased at the slave market. Incidentally, some researchers believe that the Russian terem is analogous to the Eastern harem, in which the woman lives an isolated life and is unable to make independent decisions.

Interestingly, S. Averkiev, in his book "The Influence of the Tatars on the Life of the Russian People," notes that before the Tatar-Mongol conquests, Russian women enjoyed almost the same rights as men. The later tradition of seclusion in terems (terems) in Rus' was borrowed from the Tatars out of a desire to hide and protect women from prying eyes.

https://vk.com/wall-140101784_322391

[webmaster]

Germany trained russia before Crimea annexation !!!

https://charter97.org/en/news/2025/10/12/658970/
Frau Ribbentrop Angela Merkel Played An Important Role In Russia's Invasion Of Ukraine .

https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/ukraine-krieg-deutsche-militaers-wollten-bis-kurz-vor-der-krim-annexion-russen-ausbilden-a-cafb4154-f269-47a9-8bbf-ec2a2d74610d
How Germans and Russians became brothers in arms

Until shortly before the annexation of Crimea, German military officials were teaching the Russians how to wage war more effectively. And the arms company Rheinmetall could hope for a billion-dollar deal with Russia.
https://archive.ph/ICisZ


since early 2015 I called her Frau Ribbentrop Merkel: https://www.reddit.com/r/russiawarinukraine/search/?q=frau+ribbentrop&include_over_18=on&restrict_sr=on&t=all&sort=new

from early 2014 shows the interference from both USA and Germany

US warships Yatsenyuk went on to say it's "a pity" that the US Sixth Fleet pulled back two warships which had been stationed in the Black Sea, in a sign of Western intentions. Asked by Turchynov if Nato is "afraid" to help Ukraine, the PM replied: "In today's environment, clearly."

https://web.archive.org/web/20160225100024/https://euobserver.com/foreign/132425 in ENGLISH

Thus began the war of RF in-against Ukraine. February 28, 2014 (Ukrainian in 2 parts - NDSC declassified meeting notes) https://www.reddit.com/r/russiawarinukraine/comments/a16kyo/thus_began_the_war_of_rf_inagainst_ukraine/

Committee on National Security and Defence published information and transcript of the meeting of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine of 28 February 2014 on the situation in the country in late February and March 2014 (the issue of annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea) https://www.reddit.com/r/russiawarinukraine/comments/4764qh/committee_on_national_security_and_defence/

http://texty.org.ua/pg/article/editorial/read/65491/Tak_pochynalasa_vijna_STeNOGRAMA_zasidanna_RNBO_vid A

http://texty.org.ua/pg/article/editorial/read/65493/Tymoshenko_vs_Turchynov_STeNOGRAMA_zasidanna_RNBO_vid?fb B

February 28,2014 NDSC

also after MH17

Nine years ago, Netherlands and Australia were prepared to use armed force of 9000 in Ukraine after shooting down flight MH17 , but Ribbentrop Germany refused to help

https://www.reddit.com/r/russiawarinukraine/comments/158zrju/nine_years_ago_netherlands_and_australia_were/

[webmaster]

https://x.com/AleksanderDroz4/status/1970493311904325781
Well, maybe Ukrainians aren't so smart now,
but in the past...
Ukrainians were the proto-Sumerians and invented the wheel,
and created the first civilization,
and then migrated to Egypt and built the pyramids.
Even Jesus and the apostles were Ukrainians.

[webmaster]

heathen doesn't exists it's called pagan. What many don't get, mother of god is in all worship (religion) even egyptian(Hathor, sumer(Inanna) and early steppe worship and others all ovre the world as a remnant of pre-patriarchal religion when sun and mothergoddess (women/mothers) were worshipped as creators of life (which they are) for 100.000 years before. Thats why we say : Mother Nature, Mother Earth. Only 5500/3500 BCE patriarchy came and caused domestic/sexual violence and war. Also in Christianity (Mary) and Islam(Meri)
https://www.facebook.com/groups/445871070583511/user/100017227777074/

The reason our clocks have 60 minutes and our minutes have 60 seconds is because of a mathematical choice made by the ancient Sumerians around 3500 BC.
This civilization in Mesopotamia used a sexagesimal system, which is a numeral system with a base of 60.
They didn't choose this number randomly. The number 60 is highly divisible, meaning it can be evenly divided by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, and 60.
This quality made it incredibly useful for recording astronomical observations and performing mathematical calculations with fractions. 🕰�
The Babylonians later inherited this system and were the ones who applied it to a 24-hour day, a concept they likely adopted from the Egyptians who divided daytime and nighttime into 12 hours each.
By combining the 24-hour cycle with the base-60 system, the Babylonians established the framework of 60-minute hours and 60-second minutes.
This method of timekeeping was so practical that it was passed on to the Greeks, and subsequently spread throughout the Islamic world and Europe.
This ancient mathematical choice remains embedded in every clock and schedule we use in the modern world. 🗓�
Sources: The Guardian, Madison.com, Hodinkee #AncientMathematics
https://www.facebook.com/fbhistorypage/posts/pfbid032r8HLxPKn3V3CuuzbcAgqfKuUWAxjeHyJ4L6ya52YZgn6Bag7EhjcuJNjJPXujxTl

SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT REDHAIRS:
🌞Only 1% of people on the planet have fiery-colored hair.
🌞Redheads have a heightened ability to produce vitamin D in sunlight—and suffer from vitamin D deficiency far less often than everyone else on the planet. Therefore, redheads are most often born in countries where cloudy and cold weather is common.
🌞Nearly 80% of redheads on the planet are heavily freckled, while freckles are rare in others. These spots appear all over the body under the influence of the summer sun and fade in winter.
🌞Hair containing red pigment is much thicker than hair of other colors. If you counted all the hairs, a redhead would have approximately 90,000, while a blonde would have 140,000.
🌞In the ancient Roman and Ottoman empires, red-haired slaves were highly prized.
🌞In Egypt, redheads were buried alive as a sacrifice to the god Osiris.
🌞From the 16th to 17th centuries, countless red-haired "witches" were burned in European countries precisely because of their fiery hair.
🌞The first woman created by God had fiery red hair.
🌞Redheads are far more likely than other people to be born left-handed.
🌞The highest percentage of redheads lives in Scotland – about thirteen percent. In Ireland, it's about ten percent. But the largest population of redheads lives in America – approximately twelve million people.
🌞What's unique about redheads is that their appearance is a gift to everyone else. It's as if nature itself decided to add some sunshine where it's sorely lacking!

https://vk.com/wall-219560484_230967

[webmaster]

Interesting facts about the Ukrainian language.
1. The modern Ukrainian language has about 256 thousand words.
2. According to the vocabulary, the closest to the Ukrainian language is Belarusian - 84% of the common vocabulary, followed by Polish and Serbian (70% and 68% respectively) and only then - Russian (62%). By the way, if you compare phonetics and grammar, Ukrainian has from 22 to 29 common features with Belarusian, Czech, Slovak and Polish languages, and with Russian only 11.
3. In the Ukrainian language, unlike the rest of the East Slavic languages, the noun has 7 distinctions, one of which is critical.
4. 448 r. Byzantine historian Prisk Paniyskiy, while in the camp of the Gun lord Attila on the territory of modern Ukraine, wrote down the words "honey" and "dish". This was the first mention of Ukrainian words.
5. Ukrainian language in different historical periods was called differently: simple, Russian, Russian, Cossack, etc. Historically the most used name of the Ukrainian language until the mid XIX century. was the name "Russian language".
6. In the Ukrainian language, most words begin with the letter "P".
7. The least used letter of the Ukrainian alphabet is the letter "F".
8. There are many synonyms in the Ukrainian language. For example, the word "horizon" has 12 synonyms: obriy, nebozvíd, skyscraper, krugovid, krugozir, krugoglâd, vidnokrug, vidnoko, vidnocraj, nebokraj, ovid.
9. The names of all baby animals are nouns of the middle species: calf, kitten, frog.
10. Ukrainian language is rich in reducing forms. Even the word "enemies" has a diminishing form - "enemies".
According to various data, the Ukrainian language ranks 25 or 32nd in terms of the number of speakers among the most common languages in the world. For 36-37,5 million people Ukrainian language is native. In total, 41-45 million people own Ukrainian in the world.
We remind you, "language is the DNA of the nation" is a volunteer educational project for all willing to improve their knowledge of the Ukrainian language.

https://www.facebook.com/groups/445871070583511/?multi_permalinks=1375597350944207&hoisted_section_header_type=recently_seen